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psychology reich
psych 1 exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| wilhelm wundt | made first psychology lab |
| structuralism | wundt and titchener identify building blocks of conciousness |
| functionalism | james, how mind adapts to world |
| humanism | maslow and rogers, heirarchy of needs and self actualization |
| experiment | manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed |
| independent variable | condition or event varied by the experiment to see its impact on another variable (x) |
| dependent variable | variable affected by manipulation (y) |
| experimental group | subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to independent variable |
| control group | similar subjects who do not receive special treatment ex: placebo group |
| correlational experiment | studies where the relationships between two or more variables are measured but not manipulated |
| conception | a single perm cell penetrated the outer coating of the egg and fuse to form one fertilized cell |
| zygote | fertilized cell with 100 cells |
| embryo | after 14 days fertilized cell becomes this |
| fetus | fertilized cell after 9 weeks |
| schemas | mental molds into which we pour our experiences |
| assimilation | incorporating new experiences into our current understanding |
| accommodation | process of adjusting a schema and modifying it |
| sensorimotor stage | taking in the world through look, hear, touch -younger than 6 months, object permanence |
| object permanence | not in children under six months, what is out of sight is out of mind |
| pre-operational stage | 2-7 years old, too young to perform mental operations, egocentrism |
| concrete operational stage | able to transform math equations, grasp conservation problems and mentally pour liquids back and forth into different glasses and conserve their quantities |
| formal operational stage | reasoning expands from concrete thinking to abstract thinking |
| self concept | a sense of ones identity starts at 6 months, 15-18 months is recognizing in mirror, 8-10 years is stable self image |
| authoritarian parents | parents impose rules and expect obedience |
| permissive parents | parents submit to children's demands |
| authoritative | parents demanding but responsive to children |
| puberty | sexual maturation |
| puberty in females | 11 years old |
| puberty in males | 13 years old |
| Kolhberg | dealt with morality and moral dilemmas like stealing medicine to save someones life |
| pre-conventional thinking | before age 9-steal medicine to save someones life |
| conventional thinking | adolescence- social ruled and laws upheld for own sake |
| post-conventional thinking | follow your own ethical principles |
| moral feeling | brains emotions take over during moral dilemmas |
| moral action | doing the right thing, self dicipline to refrain from impulse |
| infancy stage | up to 1 year- dependent, develop trust |
| toddler stage | 1-2 years: very sensory, doubt abilities |
| preschooler stage | 3-5 years: initiative vs. guilt |
| elementary school stage | 6- puberty: cempetience vs. inferiority |
| adolescence stage | teen to 20's: identity vs. role confusion |
| young adulthood stage | 20's to 40's: intimacy vs. isolation |
| middle adulthood stage | 40's to 60's: sense of contribution |
| late adulthood stage | 60's and up: reflect upon life |
| fluid intelligence | being able to reason and react declines with age :puzzles |
| crystalline intelligence | accumulated knowledge and skills increase with age :vocabulary |
| learning | relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience |
| unconditioned stimulus | elicits automatic response that does not depend on anything prior :food |
| unconditioned response | reflexive or automatic response from US :salivation |
| conditioned stimulus | originally neutral stimulus that comes from repetition of tone at same time as US :tone |
| conditioned response | a response that is conditioned on pairings of the CS with the US :salivation due to tone |
| acquisition learning | initial process of learning conditioned response |
| forward conditioning | US must immediately follows CS |
| backward pairing | US come first—Doesn’t work! Same time-Doesn’t work |
| immediate conditioning | US immediately follows CS |
| avoidance learning | learning that occurs when a CS is paired with an unpleasant US that leads the organism to try and avoid the CS |
| biological preparedness | built in readiness when something dangerous happens telling us to get away |
| contra-preparedness | inability for certain CS to elicit certain CR |
| extinction | CR gone when you get CS without US: sometimes spontaneous recovery |
| stimulus generalization | thinking that a snake is a hose |
| thorndikes puzzle box | trial and error learning |
| skinner box | repeated things have positive response |
| positive reinforcement | added to situation: desired reinforcement presented after desired response, increases likelihood of repeat behavior |
| negative reinforcement | taken away: take away negative situation after desired response |
| positive punishment | behavior leads to undesired behavior |
| negative punishment | pleasant event removed following behavior |
| proper punishment | swift, consistent, and appropriate |
| primary reinforcer | inherently satisfy physical needs (food, water) |
| secondary reinforcer | learned reinforcers not a physical need (money, grades, attention) |
| continuous reinforcement | rewarded each time |
| partial reinforcement | intermittent rewards |
| fixed interval reinforcement | rewarded after a fixed time |
| variable interval reinforcement | rewarded on average time |
| fixed ratio | rewarded after so many responses (# of responses) |
| variable ratio | rewarded after varied responses |
| classical conditioning | learning associated between US and CS, organism is passive, responses elicited |
| operant conditioning | associated response, organism is active, responses emitted |
| bandura | bobo doll study, learning done in social environment, observational learning |
| sensation | the awareness of properties of an object, physical energy |
| perception | the organizing and interpreting sensory input as signaling an object or event |
| light | a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wave |
| wavelength | distance from one wave to the next |
| cornea | where light enters the eye |
| lens | focuses light rays on retina |
| iris | colored ring around the eye |
| pupil | regulated light entering the eye |
| optic disk or nerve | blindspot |
| occipital lobe | where sight is processed |
| cones | color |
| rods | black and white and gray |
| nearsighted | see near more clearly |
| farsighted | can see far away more clearly |
| Stage 1 sleep hypnogenic | Lasts about 5 minutes, Breathing becomes deeper and more regular, Brain waves lessen, You can be easily awakened in this stage, If awaken you do not feel like you even fell asleep, Body jerks |
| Stage 2 sleep | Lasts about 20 minutes, EEG record sleep spindles, Brief bursts of brain activity, Person more relaxed and less responsive to environment, Feel like you are asleep |
| Stage 3 sleep | Brain produces delta waves, Slow, high amplitude brain waves, Heart rate and body temp decrease, Person is hard to wake |
| Stage 4 sleep | Person in deep sleep, Hard to awaken, Waking |
| REM sleep | hour into sleep,person goes into REM, Rapid eye movement, More brain activity, Dreams easy to remember, Breathing and heart rate are irregular, Genitals show arousal, Muscle relaxed |
| acetycholine | makes us sleep, in alzheimers |
| sleep theories | sleep protects, sleep recooperates, helps remember, sleep and growth |
| pituitary gland | master gland |
| Freud | wish fulfullment |
| Cartwright | problem solving |
| types of drugs | narcotics, sedative, stimulant, halucinogen, cannabis, alcohol, MDMA |
| depressants | alcohol, barbituates, opiates |
| stimulants | caffiience, nicotine, cocaine, extasy, amphetamines, methamphetamies |
| ;term stimulants :def caffiience, nicotine, cocaine, extasy, amphetamines, methamphetamies |
Created by:
slstrong90
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