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Psych 350: Exam 1
Genetics & Heredity
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes | Packages of DNA |
| Sex cells | Gametes |
| Mitosis | Cell division |
| Meiosis | Sex cell division |
| Mutations | Changes in DNA caused by random or environmental factors |
| Random assortment | -the shuffling of the 23 pairs of chromosomes -chance determines which member of the pair goes into the new sperm and egg |
| Chromosomal crossover | -the exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister chromatids in meiosis -leads to genetic diversity |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup of an organism |
| Phenotype | Physical characteristics of an organism |
| Allele | Different forms of a gene i.e blood type |
| Minnesota twin study | -cross-sectional study of identical twins separated early in life -strong heritability: some personality, life expectancy, certain attitudes -weak heritability: some personality, spouse similarity |
| Dominant inheritance | Everyone with the abnormal gene has the disease i.e huntington's disease |
| Recessive inheritance | if both parents are carriers, there's a 1/4 chance of receiving the recessive allele from each parent and inheriting the disease i.e sick-cell anemia |
| Sex-linked traits | -traits that are inherited with sex chromosomes -most are carried on X chromosome -males more susceptible to genetic defects |
| Codominance | Both alleles are expressed equally (or blended) i.e sheep dogs |
| Epigenetics | Environmental influences that determine whether or not genes are expressed, or the degree to which they are expressed, without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves |
| Regulator genes | Control the continuous switching on and off of genes that underlie development across the lifespan |
| Epigenome | -the instructions that determine what and how genes are expressed in cells -can be changed, inherited, and passed down |
| Example of the effect of epigenomes | Long-term effects of 1800's feast/famine |
| Darwin vs. Lamarck | Natural selection (survival of the fittest) vs. traits acquired during life passed on to offspring |
| Norm of reaction | All the phenotypes that can theoretically result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can survive and develop |
| Examples of norm of reaction | -Himalayan rabbit's fur changes color based on its environment -warrior/MAOA gene |
| Adoption studies | Examine whether adopted children are more like their biological or adopted relatives |
| Adoptive-twin studies | Compare the similarity between identical twins who grew up together and those reared apart |
| Limitations and caveats about heritability estimates | -scores do not apply to make-up of individuals -they only apply to particular group living at particular time -can differ depending on environment -high heritability ≠ immutability |
Created by:
lnamugenyi
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