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Psych 350: Exam 3
Attachment
Term | Definition |
---|---|
New Zealand Longitudinal Study | Children who were negative, impulsive, unregulated, had more adjustment problems. (e.g. not getting along with others, more likely to engage in illegal behaviors, more likely to be in trouble with the law). At age 21, less happy with their career and soc |
Securely attached characteristics | Effectively use mom as a secure base. Some distress when mom leaves. Happy to see mom return. Normal progression through 4 stages, About 65% of middle-class children significantly lower for low SES children |
Characteristics of parents of insecure/resistant/ambivalent | Respond inconsistently early on, are anxious themselves resist caregiving in some contexts |
Long terms effects of attachment (insecurely attached) | Age 2-3: socially & emotionally withdrawn, hesitant to initiate play behaviors with peers, less curious, less interested in learning. Age 11-15: poor peer relations, fewer close friendships, greater displays of deviant behavior |
Harlow monkey experiment: Care-giver child attachment | Monkey spent time with cloth mother whether it has food or not. Monkey with ONLY wire mother exhibited extremely abnormal social & emotional behavior as adults. Monkey needs more than just nutritional value to grow up happy. |
Bowlby attachment theory | Attachment process rooted in evolution. Innate basis but quality of attachment highly dependent on infants experience with caregivers. |
Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment | Child is clingy, less exploratory. Upset when mom leaves (sometime uncontrollable crying. Child reestablishes contact when mom return, but resists her effort of comfort. About 15% of middle class children. |
Insecure-avoidant attachment | Child avoids mom before separation. Doesn't greet mom upon return. Child avoids stranger. 20% of middle class fall into this category. |
Disorganized/disoriented attachment | Child shows no consistent way of coping. Confused facial expressions (fear, stress, dazed). Appears to want to approach mom but simultaneously fears her. Less than 5% of population |
What predicts attachment? | Parenting style Parenting sensitivity Responsiveness to caregiving Acceptance of care-giving role Cooperation/patience Gentle persuasion vs. demanding: most crucial affecting security of attachment |
Characteristics of parents of insecure/avoidant | Be indifferent and emotionally unavailable May reject infants efforts to cuddle |
Parents sensitivity intervention | Intervention: mothers learn to recognize & respond to infants cues to foster positive exchanges Results: intervention worked, mothers made more sensitive & babies more sociable, exploratory & cried less. |
Evidence of infants understanding of attachment. | Big ball rolls up hill with little ball, little ball can't go up & cries. Big ball either goes back to help little ball or leaves little ball and goes on Results: Secure child looks longer at unresponsive & insecure child looks longer at responsive. Wh |
Strange situation task | Baby will initially hold mother when researcher enters. Mother leaves room, baby cries out at distress of separation. Children who are not securely attached will be angry or avoid mother when they return. How the child reacts when mother returns determin |
Harlow Study Findings | Challenged behaviorist view that biological needs are primary more to infant mother relationship than just getting fed Behaviorists would think that monkey just wants food and will spend all time with wire mother. Results: monkey spent all time with clo |
Cross-cultural variations: Japan | Same % of securely attaches infants but NO insecure-avoidant. Why? Japanese parenting = more physical closeness Japan culture emphasizes oneness of mother & child |
Cross-cultural variations: Israel | Those who attend Kibbutz (overnight upbringing) are less likely to be securely attached & more likely to be insecure/resistant than those who attend day care but sleep at their own home. Why? Less consistent & sensitive caregiving compared to those who a |
Cross-cultural variations: Germany | German culture emphasizes independence of offspring exhibit relatively low sensitivity ratings after baby is 10 months. 30% vs 50% ( 50% insecurely attached) |
Consequences of day-care attachment | Is day-care a bad thing? NO Day care doesn't impact child, depends more on parent sensitivity. |
John Bowbly: Observations of children separated from their mothers (in orphanages of children who had limited interaction with caregiver) | Children were: Listless & depressed Emotionally disturbed Had feelings of emptiness Had lost interest in life Unable to develop normal emotional relationships |
Clear-cut attachment | 6-8 months to 1.5-2 years Actively seek comfort from caregivers. Experience distress at parting & happiness at reunion, mother now serves at calm base |
Attachment-in-the-making | 6 weeks to 6-8 months Infants begin to respond preferentially to familiar people & mother |
Preattachment | Birth to 6 weeks The infant produces innate signals, most notably crying, that summon caregivers and the infant is comforted by the ensuing interaction. |
Reciprocal Relationships | Increasing abilities to organize efforts to be near parents. Separation distress declines, child actively creates reciprocal relationships with parents. |