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Psych 1101- Mod.4
University of North Georgia - Prof. Her
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is personality defined? | as the distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s responses to life situations |
| What are the three characteristics of thought, feeling, and emotion? | behavioral components of identity caused by internal rather than external factors organized and structured |
| How does the psychodynamic approach explain personality? | with unconscious influences on behavior and early experiences |
| What are the three segments of personality as defined by Freud? | Id, Ego, and Superego |
| What is the Id segment of personality? | Unconscious aspect and acts on the pleasure principle |
| What is the pleasure principle? | always seeks pleasure and avoids pain |
| What is the Ego segment of personality? | develops as children learn constraint and acts on reality principle |
| What is the reality principle? | checks the demands of the id’s pleasure against real world possibility |
| What is the Superego segment of personality? | moral component of personality and acts based on morals |
| What are Freud's defense mechanisms? | Denial Repression Projection Regression Displacement Sublimation Rationalization Reaction Formation |
| What is denial? | acting as if the problem does not exist |
| What is repression? | pushing the memory or thoughts of something unpleasant into the unconscious |
| What is projection? | seeing one’s own behavior of beliefs in others, whether or not they are present |
| What is regression? | behaving in a way that is inappropriate for one’s age |
| What is displacement? | direction an emotion to a person or object other than the one who provoked it |
| What is sublimation? | impulse transformed into socially acceptable behavior |
| What is rationalization? | creating an explanation to justify an action or deal with disappointment |
| What is reaction formation? | urge to preform unacceptable behavior repressed, or released through opposite behavior |
| What is Jung’s theory of personality? | Jung believed in the unconscious aspect of personality. |
| What are archetypes, and who used them? | Jung; ideas and images that have a symbolic meaning for all people |
| What is anima/animus, and who used them? | Jung; feminine vs. masculine aspects of our personality |
| What are masks, and who used them? | Jung; "mask" we wear when facing public |
| How did Adler explain personality? | believed we were motivated by purpose and goals, strived for superiority , had social interest, and emphasized by birth order as influence for striving for superiority. |
| What is superiority, and who used them? | Alder; compensated for real or imagined inferiorities by developing our abilities |
| What are social interest, and who used them? | Alder; natural impulses toward warm relationships with others |
| How does the humanistic perspective explain personality? | choice, desire to be valued and accepted, and self- actualization |
| How does Rogers define the self? | organized, consistent set of perceptions, and beliefs about oneself |
| What is positive regard, and who used them? | Rogers; need for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others |
| What is positive self regard, and who used them? | Rogers; desire to feel good about ourselves |
| What is unconditional positive regard, and who used them? | Rogers; communicates that the person is inherently worthy of love, regardless of accomplishments or behavior |
| What is conditional positive regard and who used them? | Rogers; Dependent on behavior |
| What are conditions of worth? and who used them? | Rogers; circumstances under which we approve or disapprove of ourselves; develop when lack of unconditional positive regard from significant people |
| What are personality traits? | relatively stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of people that help establish their individual identities and distinguish them from others |
| What is factor analysis? | multivariate statistical technique for data reduction; used to determine clusters of correlated personality traits |
| What is the 5-factor theory? | hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions |
| What are the components of the five factor theory? | Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
| What is openness to experience? | contrast individuals who seek out experiences and imaginative and broad minded with people who are concrete-minded and practical, and have narrow interests |
| What is conscientiousness? | differentiates people who are dependable, organized, responsible, reliable, and hard-working, and people who are undependable, disorganized, impulsive, unreliable, careless, and lazy |
| What is extroversion? | contrasts traits such as sociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive, persuasive, decisive, and active with more introverted traits such as withdrawn, quiet, passive, retiring, and reserved |
| What is agreeableness? | differentiates between people who are pleasant, good-natured, warm, sympathetic, and cooperative, and people who are unfriendly, unpleasant, aggressive, cold, and argumentative |
| What is neuroticism? | differentiates between people who are prone to emotional instability, who tend to experience negative emotions, moody, irritable, nervous, or inclined to worry and people who are calm, even-tempered, easygoing, and relaxed |
| What are the three reasons it is difficult to predict behavior across situations based on personality traits? | Traits interact with other traits and characteristics of situation; Importance of trait to person influences consistency; self-monitoring |
| What is self-monitoring? | involves the ability to monitor and regulate self-presentations, emotions, and behaviors, in response to social environments and situations |
| What is reciprocal determinism? | Environment interacts with the person (cognitive) to produce personality. Each factor (environment, behavior, personal) influences and is influenced by the others |
| What personal control factors influence behavior? | Cognitive, Affective, and Biological Events |
| What is self-efficacy? | beliefs concerning ability to perform behaviors needed to achieve desired outcomes |
| What 4 factors does Bandura say affect self-efficacy? | previous performance experiences in similar situations; observational learning, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal |
| What is observational learning? | if others like ourselves can accomplish a goal, we are likely to believe we can too |
| What is verbal persuasion? | messages from others that confirm or downgrade our abilities |
| What is emotional arousal? | being able to control increases efficacy |
| How does the CAPS theory explain personality? | our thoughts and emotions about ourselves and the world effect our behavior and become linked in ways that matter to behavior |
| What does CAPS mean? | cognitive affective processing systems |
| What is Eysenck’s theory of personality? | Argued two basic dimensions of personality (introversion/ extraversion; stability/ instability) |
| According to Eysenck's theory, what causes extreme introversion? | If chronically over aroused= extreme introvert |
| According to Eysenck's theory, what causes extreme extroversion? | If chronically under aroused= extreme extrovert |
| According to Eysenck's theory, what causes instability? | If shifts large and sudden= unstable |
| According to Eysenck's theory, what cause stability? | If shifts small and gradual= stable |
| What is Gray’s theory of personality? | Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory |
| What is the reinforcement sensitivity theory? | two neurological systems (behavioral activation/ inhibition) |
| What was the Behavioral activation system? | Sensitive to rewards, influences “approach” behaviors |
| What was the Behavioral inhibition system? | Sensitive to punishments, influences anxiety/fear responses |
| How much influence do genetics seem to have on personality? | 40-50% |
| How important is family environment? | not as influential ad personal experience |
| What is social psychology? | scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people |
| What is Attribution Theory? | suggest how we explain someone’s behavior- by crediting either the situation or the disposition |
| What is the difference between a personal attribution and a situational attribution? | Personal attribution: type of person (ex. Aggressive person) Situational attribution: situation caused person to behave a certain way |
| What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? | tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the situation when explaining another person’s behavior |
| What is the Actor/observer discrepancy? | bias one makes when forming attributions about the behavior of others or themselves depending on whether they are an actor or an observer in a situation |
| What is the Self-serving bias? | tendency to attribute our successes to our own disposition and our failures to the situation |
| What is a stereotype? | generalized belief about a group or category or people |
| What is confirmation bias? | tendency to search information that confirms one’s perceptions |
| What is self-fulfilling prophecy? | tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own or other’s expectations |
| What is prejudice? | unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members |
| What is discrimination? | unjustifiable and usually negative behavior towards a group and its members |
| What is an ingroup? | “us,” people with whom we share a common identity |
| What is an outgroup? | "them,” those we perceive as different or apart from out ingroup |
| What is ingroup favoritism? | tendency to favor one’s own group |
| What is the outgroup homogeneity effect? | recognizing the ways that we differ from other members of out ingroup, but overestimate the similarity of people in outgroups |
| What are some ways to reduce prejudice? | Educate stereotype threat Equal status contact |
| What is equal status contact? | prejudice between people is most likely to be reduced when engaged in close contact, have equal status, work to achieve a common goal, are supported by broader social norms |
| What is cognitive dissonance theory? | the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change. |
| What is self-perception theory? | people determine their attitudes and preferences by interpreting the meaning of their own behavior |
| What are the ways in which we might be influenced while we are in a group? | Social facilitation, social loafing, deindividuation, group polarization, groupthink |
| What is social facilitation? | stronger responses on simple or well-learned task in the presence of others |
| What is social loafing? | tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
| What is deindividuation? | loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
| What is group polarization? | the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussions within the group |
| What is groupthink? | the model of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
| What is the Chameleon Effect? | unconsciously mimic other’s expressions, postures, and voice tones- moods may be contagious |
| What is conformity? | adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard |
| what are some factors that influence conformity? | Normative Social Influence and Informational Social Influence |
| What is Informational Social Influence? | influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality |
| What is Normative Social Influence? | influence resulting from a person’s desire approval or avoid disapproval |
| What was Milgrim’s famous experiment? | In Milgrim’s experiment each time the learner makes a mistake, you are to increase the intensity of the shock. |
| What percentage of people obeyed Milgrim’s orders? | 67% |
| What are some factors that influence obedience to authority? | person giving orders was close at hand authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution victim was depersonalized no models for defiance |
| What was Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment? | role modeling |
| What happened in Zimbardo's Prison Experiment? | study was cut short after just six days, prompted by a graduate student’s concern for participant safety |
| What was the finding of Zimbardo's Prison Experiment? | concluded that situational factors powerfully affect human behavior |
| What is aggression? | social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either verbally or physically |
| What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis? | frustration increases risk of verbal and physical aggression |
| What are some other influences on aggression? | biological, environmental, and psychological |
| What is altruism? | behavior that is aimed at helping others, requires some self-sacrifice, and is not preformed for personal gain |
| What is the bystander effect? | as the number of people present at the scene of an emergency increases, the probability that the victim will receive help decreases. If help is given, often delayed |
| What is diffusion of responsibility? | the feeling that among bystanders that the responsibility for helping is shared by the group- each person becomes less compelled to do something than they would if they were the only one present. |
| What are 3 things that influence attraction? | Similarity, Proximity, Attractiveness |
| What is proximity? | geographic nearness, friendships most powerful predicator |
| What is physical attractiveness? | people prefer being with attractive people |
| What is similarity? | we tend to like people who are similar to us in attitudes, interest, and physical attractiveness |
| What are Sternberg’s levels of love? | Romantic, Affectionate, Consummate |
| What factors influence the success of romantic relationships? | high emotion and passion |
| What is abnormal behavior? | behavior that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional (maladaptive), and/or so culturally deviant that other people judge it to be “abnormal” |
| What is normal behavior? | any behavior or condition which is usual, expected, typical, or conforms to a pre-existing standard |
| What are some different types of factors that may lead to the development of a disorder? | Heredity, biology, psychological trauma, and environmental stress |
| What is the DSM-5? | Book published in 2013 that lists app. 400 disorders |
| How does the DSM-5 work? | categorical information (which, type, and amount) and dimensional information (severity) |
| What is an anxiety disorder? | frequency and intensity of anxiety responses are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them, and the anxiety interferes with daily life |
| What is anxiety? | state of tension and apprehension that is a natural response to perceived threat |
| What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder? | people experience chronic, excessive worry for 6 months or more |
| What is panic disorder? | person experiences recurring panic attacks |
| What is a panic attack? | unpredictable episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear or terror |
| What is agoraphobia? | intense fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic |
| What is a phobia? | persistent, irrational fear of some specific object situation; label for every phobia other than agoraphobia or social phobia |
| What are the types of phobias: | specific and social phobia |
| What is Specific Phobia? | intense fear of a particular object or situation; label for every phobia other than agoraphobia or social phobia |
| What is Social Phobia (social anxiety disorder)? | most common type of anxiety disorder; intense fear of any social situation in which it would be possible to embarrass or humiliate oneself in front of others |
| What is OCD? | anxiety disorder in which people suffer from recurrent obsession, compulsions, or both |
| What are obsessions? | persistent, involuntary thoughts, images, or impulses that invade consciousness and cause the person distress |
| What are compulsions? | persistent, irresistible, and irrational urges to preform acts or rituals repeatedly; most commonly one of the following: cleaning/washing behaviors, checking, counting, touching objects, hoarding, and excessive organizing |
| What is PTSD? | anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmare, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience |
| What are dissociative disorders? | breakdown of normal personality integration, resulting in significant alterations in memory or identity |
| What is dissociative identity disorder? | person develops two or more distinct alters, each with a unique set of memories, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions |
| What is switching in dissociative identity disorder? | Transition from one personality to another |
| What is the host in dissociative identity disorder? | Unusually one personality |
| What are mood disorders? | tend to last a long time, influence all of their interactions with the world, and interfere with normal functioning |
| What is Depression? | low, sad state; life seems overwhelming |
| What are the different types of Depression? | Major depression Persistent depressive disorder |
| What is Major Depression? | diagnosis when people suffer from intense depression only |
| What is Persistent Depressive Disorder? | pattern of depression that lasts at leas two years |
| What is mania? | Exaggerated euphoria |
| What is bipolar disorder? | diagnosis when people have alternating periods of mania and depression |
| What are the different types of bipolar disorder? | Bipolar 1, Bipolar 2, and Cyclothymic Disorder |
| What is Bipolar 1 Disorder? | have full manic and depressive episodes |
| What is Bipolar 2 Disorder? | hypomanic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes |
| What is Cyclothymic Disorder? | alternating hypomanic episodes with mild depressive episodes |
| What is a major depressive episode? | period in which a person shows at least 5 symptoms of depression for two weeks or more |
| What are the criteria for single episode versus recurrent? | if two or more episodes occur and are separated by at least 2 months during which the individual is not depressed |
| What are the different types of manic episodes? | Full Manic Episode and Hypomanic episode |
| What is a Full Manic Episode? | abnormally high or irritable mood for at least one week, along with at least 3 other symptoms of mania |
| What is Hypomanic Episode? | diagnosed when symptoms of mania are less severe and cause little impairment |
| What is Schizophrenia? | psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of strange perceptions, disturbed thought processes, unusual emotions, and motor abnormalities |
| What are positive symptoms? | excess of thought, emotion, and behavior |
| What are negative symptoms? | deficits of thought emotion, and behavior |
| What are Hallucinations? | seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, or feeling things that are not there |
| What are Delusions? | false beliefs not generally shared by others in the culture |
| What are Delusions os Grandeur? | believing one is a deity, famous person, or powerful person that possesses some great knowledge, ability, or authority |
| What are Delusions of persecution? | having a false notion that some person or agency is trying to harass, cheat, spy on, conspire against, injure, ill, or harm them in some other way |
| What is Poverty of Speech? | reduction of speech or speech content (alogia) |
| What is the Flat affect? | Flat affect: show almost no emotions at all |
| What is social withdrawal? | may withdraw from social environment and attend only to own ideas and fantasies- distance themselves further from reality |
| What is a personality disorder? | inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behavior |
| What are odd personality disorders? | paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal |
| What are Dramatic personality disorders? | antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic |
| What are Anxious personality disorders? | avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive |
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