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Psych 1101- Mod.4

University of North Georgia - Prof. Her

QuestionAnswer
How is personality defined? as the distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s responses to life situations
What are the three characteristics of thought, feeling, and emotion? behavioral components of identity caused by internal rather than external factors organized and structured
How does the psychodynamic approach explain personality? with unconscious influences on behavior and early experiences
What are the three segments of personality as defined by Freud? Id, Ego, and Superego
What is the Id segment of personality? Unconscious aspect and acts on the pleasure principle
What is the pleasure principle? always seeks pleasure and avoids pain
What is the Ego segment of personality? develops as children learn constraint and acts on reality principle
What is the reality principle? checks the demands of the id’s pleasure against real world possibility
What is the Superego segment of personality? moral component of personality and acts based on morals
What are Freud's defense mechanisms? Denial Repression Projection Regression Displacement Sublimation Rationalization Reaction Formation
What is denial? acting as if the problem does not exist
What is repression? pushing the memory or thoughts of something unpleasant into the unconscious
What is projection? seeing one’s own behavior of beliefs in others, whether or not they are present
What is regression? behaving in a way that is inappropriate for one’s age
What is displacement? direction an emotion to a person or object other than the one who provoked it
What is sublimation? impulse transformed into socially acceptable behavior
What is rationalization? creating an explanation to justify an action or deal with disappointment
What is reaction formation? urge to preform unacceptable behavior repressed, or released through opposite behavior
What is Jung’s theory of personality? Jung believed in the unconscious aspect of personality.
What are archetypes, and who used them? Jung; ideas and images that have a symbolic meaning for all people
What is anima/animus, and who used them? Jung; feminine vs. masculine aspects of our personality
What are masks, and who used them? Jung; "mask" we wear when facing public
How did Adler explain personality? believed we were motivated by purpose and goals, strived for superiority , had social interest, and emphasized by birth order as influence for striving for superiority.
What is superiority, and who used them? Alder; compensated for real or imagined inferiorities by developing our abilities
What are social interest, and who used them? Alder; natural impulses toward warm relationships with others
How does the humanistic perspective explain personality? choice, desire to be valued and accepted, and self- actualization
How does Rogers define the self? organized, consistent set of perceptions, and beliefs about oneself
What is positive regard, and who used them? Rogers; need for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others
What is positive self regard, and who used them? Rogers; desire to feel good about ourselves
What is unconditional positive regard, and who used them? Rogers; communicates that the person is inherently worthy of love, regardless of accomplishments or behavior
What is conditional positive regard and who used them? Rogers; Dependent on behavior
What are conditions of worth? and who used them? Rogers; circumstances under which we approve or disapprove of ourselves; develop when lack of unconditional positive regard from significant people
What are personality traits? relatively stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of people that help establish their individual identities and distinguish them from others
What is factor analysis? multivariate statistical technique for data reduction; used to determine clusters of correlated personality traits
What is the 5-factor theory? hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions
What are the components of the five factor theory? Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
What is openness to experience? contrast individuals who seek out experiences and imaginative and broad minded with people who are concrete-minded and practical, and have narrow interests
What is conscientiousness? differentiates people who are dependable, organized, responsible, reliable, and hard-working, and people who are undependable, disorganized, impulsive, unreliable, careless, and lazy
What is extroversion? contrasts traits such as sociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive, persuasive, decisive, and active with more introverted traits such as withdrawn, quiet, passive, retiring, and reserved
What is agreeableness? differentiates between people who are pleasant, good-natured, warm, sympathetic, and cooperative, and people who are unfriendly, unpleasant, aggressive, cold, and argumentative
What is neuroticism? differentiates between people who are prone to emotional instability, who tend to experience negative emotions, moody, irritable, nervous, or inclined to worry and people who are calm, even-tempered, easygoing, and relaxed
What are the three reasons it is difficult to predict behavior across situations based on personality traits? Traits interact with other traits and characteristics of situation; Importance of trait to person influences consistency; self-monitoring
What is self-monitoring? involves the ability to monitor and regulate self-presentations, emotions, and behaviors, in response to social environments and situations
What is reciprocal determinism? Environment interacts with the person (cognitive) to produce personality. Each factor (environment, behavior, personal) influences and is influenced by the others
What personal control factors influence behavior? Cognitive, Affective, and Biological Events
What is self-efficacy? beliefs concerning ability to perform behaviors needed to achieve desired outcomes
What 4 factors does Bandura say affect self-efficacy? previous performance experiences in similar situations; observational learning, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal
What is observational learning? if others like ourselves can accomplish a goal, we are likely to believe we can too
What is verbal persuasion? messages from others that confirm or downgrade our abilities
What is emotional arousal? being able to control increases efficacy
How does the CAPS theory explain personality? our thoughts and emotions about ourselves and the world effect our behavior and become linked in ways that matter to behavior
What does CAPS mean? cognitive affective processing systems
What is Eysenck’s theory of personality? Argued two basic dimensions of personality (introversion/ extraversion; stability/ instability)
According to Eysenck's theory, what causes extreme introversion? If chronically over aroused= extreme introvert
According to Eysenck's theory, what causes extreme extroversion? If chronically under aroused= extreme extrovert
According to Eysenck's theory, what causes instability? If shifts large and sudden= unstable
According to Eysenck's theory, what cause stability? If shifts small and gradual= stable
What is Gray’s theory of personality? Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
What is the reinforcement sensitivity theory? two neurological systems (behavioral activation/ inhibition)
What was the Behavioral activation system? Sensitive to rewards, influences “approach” behaviors
What was the Behavioral inhibition system? Sensitive to punishments, influences anxiety/fear responses
How much influence do genetics seem to have on personality? 40-50%
How important is family environment? not as influential ad personal experience
What is social psychology? scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
What is Attribution Theory? suggest how we explain someone’s behavior- by crediting either the situation or the disposition
What is the difference between a personal attribution and a situational attribution? Personal attribution: type of person (ex. Aggressive person) Situational attribution: situation caused person to behave a certain way
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the situation when explaining another person’s behavior
What is the Actor/observer discrepancy? bias one makes when forming attributions about the behavior of others or themselves depending on whether they are an actor or an observer in a situation
What is the Self-serving bias? tendency to attribute our successes to our own disposition and our failures to the situation
What is a stereotype? generalized belief about a group or category or people
What is confirmation bias? tendency to search information that confirms one’s perceptions
What is self-fulfilling prophecy? tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own or other’s expectations
What is prejudice? unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members
What is discrimination? unjustifiable and usually negative behavior towards a group and its members
What is an ingroup? “us,” people with whom we share a common identity
What is an outgroup? "them,” those we perceive as different or apart from out ingroup
What is ingroup favoritism? tendency to favor one’s own group
What is the outgroup homogeneity effect? recognizing the ways that we differ from other members of out ingroup, but overestimate the similarity of people in outgroups
What are some ways to reduce prejudice? Educate stereotype threat Equal status contact
What is equal status contact? prejudice between people is most likely to be reduced when engaged in close contact, have equal status, work to achieve a common goal, are supported by broader social norms
What is cognitive dissonance theory? the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change.
What is self-perception theory? people determine their attitudes and preferences by interpreting the meaning of their own behavior
What are the ways in which we might be influenced while we are in a group? Social facilitation, social loafing, deindividuation, group polarization, groupthink
What is social facilitation? stronger responses on simple or well-learned task in the presence of others
What is social loafing? tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
What is deindividuation? loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
What is group polarization? the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussions within the group
What is groupthink? the model of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
What is the Chameleon Effect? unconsciously mimic other’s expressions, postures, and voice tones- moods may be contagious
What is conformity? adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard
what are some factors that influence conformity? Normative Social Influence and Informational Social Influence
What is Informational Social Influence? influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
What is Normative Social Influence? influence resulting from a person’s desire approval or avoid disapproval
What was Milgrim’s famous experiment? In Milgrim’s experiment each time the learner makes a mistake, you are to increase the intensity of the shock.
What percentage of people obeyed Milgrim’s orders? 67%
What are some factors that influence obedience to authority? person giving orders was close at hand authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution victim was depersonalized no models for defiance
What was Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment? role modeling
What happened in Zimbardo's Prison Experiment? study was cut short after just six days, prompted by a graduate student’s concern for participant safety
What was the finding of Zimbardo's Prison Experiment? concluded that situational factors powerfully affect human behavior
What is aggression? social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either verbally or physically
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis? frustration increases risk of verbal and physical aggression
What are some other influences on aggression? biological, environmental, and psychological
What is altruism? behavior that is aimed at helping others, requires some self-sacrifice, and is not preformed for personal gain
What is the bystander effect? as the number of people present at the scene of an emergency increases, the probability that the victim will receive help decreases. If help is given, often delayed
What is diffusion of responsibility? the feeling that among bystanders that the responsibility for helping is shared by the group- each person becomes less compelled to do something than they would if they were the only one present.
What are 3 things that influence attraction? Similarity, Proximity, Attractiveness
What is proximity? geographic nearness, friendships most powerful predicator
What is physical attractiveness? people prefer being with attractive people
What is similarity? we tend to like people who are similar to us in attitudes, interest, and physical attractiveness
What are Sternberg’s levels of love? Romantic, Affectionate, Consummate
What factors influence the success of romantic relationships? high emotion and passion
What is abnormal behavior? behavior that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional (maladaptive), and/or so culturally deviant that other people judge it to be “abnormal”
What is normal behavior? any behavior or condition which is usual, expected, typical, or conforms to a pre-existing standard
What are some different types of factors that may lead to the development of a disorder? Heredity, biology, psychological trauma, and environmental stress
What is the DSM-5? Book published in 2013 that lists app. 400 disorders
How does the DSM-5 work? categorical information (which, type, and amount) and dimensional information (severity)
What is an anxiety disorder? frequency and intensity of anxiety responses are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them, and the anxiety interferes with daily life
What is anxiety? state of tension and apprehension that is a natural response to perceived threat
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder? people experience chronic, excessive worry for 6 months or more
What is panic disorder? person experiences recurring panic attacks
What is a panic attack? unpredictable episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear or terror
What is agoraphobia? intense fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic
What is a phobia? persistent, irrational fear of some specific object situation; label for every phobia other than agoraphobia or social phobia
What are the types of phobias: specific and social phobia
What is Specific Phobia? intense fear of a particular object or situation; label for every phobia other than agoraphobia or social phobia
What is Social Phobia (social anxiety disorder)? most common type of anxiety disorder; intense fear of any social situation in which it would be possible to embarrass or humiliate oneself in front of others
What is OCD? anxiety disorder in which people suffer from recurrent obsession, compulsions, or both
What are obsessions? persistent, involuntary thoughts, images, or impulses that invade consciousness and cause the person distress
What are compulsions? persistent, irresistible, and irrational urges to preform acts or rituals repeatedly; most commonly one of the following: cleaning/washing behaviors, checking, counting, touching objects, hoarding, and excessive organizing
What is PTSD? anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmare, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
What are dissociative disorders? breakdown of normal personality integration, resulting in significant alterations in memory or identity
What is dissociative identity disorder? person develops two or more distinct alters, each with a unique set of memories, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions
What is switching in dissociative identity disorder? Transition from one personality to another
What is the host in dissociative identity disorder? Unusually one personality
What are mood disorders? tend to last a long time, influence all of their interactions with the world, and interfere with normal functioning
What is Depression? low, sad state; life seems overwhelming
What are the different types of Depression? Major depression Persistent depressive disorder
What is Major Depression? diagnosis when people suffer from intense depression only
What is Persistent Depressive Disorder? pattern of depression that lasts at leas two years
What is mania? Exaggerated euphoria
What is bipolar disorder? diagnosis when people have alternating periods of mania and depression
What are the different types of bipolar disorder? Bipolar 1, Bipolar 2, and Cyclothymic Disorder
What is Bipolar 1 Disorder? have full manic and depressive episodes
What is Bipolar 2 Disorder? hypomanic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes
What is Cyclothymic Disorder? alternating hypomanic episodes with mild depressive episodes
What is a major depressive episode? period in which a person shows at least 5 symptoms of depression for two weeks or more
What are the criteria for single episode versus recurrent? if two or more episodes occur and are separated by at least 2 months during which the individual is not depressed
What are the different types of manic episodes? Full Manic Episode and Hypomanic episode
What is a Full Manic Episode? abnormally high or irritable mood for at least one week, along with at least 3 other symptoms of mania
What is Hypomanic Episode? diagnosed when symptoms of mania are less severe and cause little impairment
What is Schizophrenia? psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of strange perceptions, disturbed thought processes, unusual emotions, and motor abnormalities
What are positive symptoms? excess of thought, emotion, and behavior
What are negative symptoms? deficits of thought emotion, and behavior
What are Hallucinations? seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, or feeling things that are not there
What are Delusions? false beliefs not generally shared by others in the culture
What are Delusions os Grandeur? believing one is a deity, famous person, or powerful person that possesses some great knowledge, ability, or authority
What are Delusions of persecution? having a false notion that some person or agency is trying to harass, cheat, spy on, conspire against, injure, ill, or harm them in some other way
What is Poverty of Speech? reduction of speech or speech content (alogia)
What is the Flat affect? Flat affect: show almost no emotions at all
What is social withdrawal? may withdraw from social environment and attend only to own ideas and fantasies- distance themselves further from reality
What is a personality disorder? inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behavior
What are odd personality disorders? paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
What are Dramatic personality disorders? antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
What are Anxious personality disorders? avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive
Created by: amys.9
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