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Med Tech Program
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the tube(s) that contains EDTA? | Purple, pink |
| What is the reference range for WBCs? | 4.5-11.0 x 10^9/L |
| What is the reference range for RBCs for males? | 4.5-6.0 x10^12/L |
| What is the reference range for RBCs for females? | 4.0-5.5 x 10^12/L |
| What is the reference range for hemoglobin for males? | 13-17g/dL |
| What is the reference range for hemoglobin for females? | 12-15g/dL |
| What is the reference range for microhematocrit for males? | 42-52% |
| What is the reference range for microhematocrit for females? | 36-48% |
| What is the reference range for MCV? | 80-100 fL |
| What is the reference range for MCH? | 27-32 pg |
| What is the reference range for MCHC? | 32-37% |
| What is the formula for MCV? | Hematocrit x 10 /RBC |
| What is the formula for MCH? | Hemoglobin x10/RBC |
| What is the formula for MCHC? | Hemoglobin x 100/hematocrit |
| What is the reference range for RDW? | 11.5-14.5% |
| What is the reference range for platelets? | 150-400 10^9/L |
| What is the reference range for ESR for females (Wintrobe method)? | 0-20 mm/hr |
| What is the reference range for ESR for males (Wintrobe method)? | 0-9 mm/hr |
| What is the reference range for one-hr Sidiplast method ESR for males <50? | 0-15mm/hr |
| What is the reference range for one-hr Sidiplast method ESR for males >50? | 0-20mm/hr |
| What is the reference range for one-hr Sidiplast method ESR for females <50? | 0-20 mm/hr |
| What is the reference range for one-hr Sidiplast method ESR for females >50? | 0-30mm/hr |
| What is the reference range for reticulocytes? | 0.5-1.5% |
| What is the reference range for prothrombin time (PTT)? | 10-13 seconds |
| What is the reference range for INR? | 1.0-1.4 |
| What is the reference range for APTT? | 24-34 seconds |
| What is the reference range for bleeding time? | 2-9 mins |
| What tube(s) contain sodium citrate? | light blue/black |
| What tube(s) contain potassium fluoride? | gray |
| What tube(s) contain heparin? | Green |
| What tube(s) contain no additive? | red |
| What tube(s) contain acid citrate dextrose (ACD) solution? | yellow |
| What tube(s) belong in hematology? | Light blue, black, purple |
| What tube(s) belong in chemistry? | Green, yellow, red, royal blue, gray |
| What tube(s) have whole blood? | Light blue, black, purple ,pink |
| What tube(s) belong in blood bank? | Pink |
| What tube(s) have serum? | green, red, yellow |
| What is the order of draw | Culture bottles, light blue, red, tiger top, yellow, green, purple, gray |
| What is the MINIMUM mL(s) for adult blood culture bottles? | 5 mL |
| What is the MINIMUM mL(s) for peds blood culture bottles? | 1 mL |
| How long can a tourniquet stay on for? | 1 min |
| What vein is NOT used for veinpuncture? | Basilic |
| What vein is preferred for venipuncture? | median cubital |
| What is plasma? | 90% water, 10% carbs, lipids, proteins, amino acids, antibodies, hormones, electrolytes, fibrinogen, clotting factors. |
| What is serum? | Does not contain clotting factors |
| When do you label the tubes? | After collection in front of the patient |
| What are the types of blood culture bottles? | Aerobic, peds, anaerobic |
| What additive does blood cultures have in them? | SPS anticoagulant |
| What does whole blood contain? | Plasma and Cellular elements |
| How much of whole blood is plasma? | 55% |
| How much of whole blood is cellular elements? | 45% |
| What is primary lymphoid tissue? | Bone marrow and thymus |
| What is secondary lymphoid tissue? | Spleen and lymph nodes |
| What purpose does the thymus have? | a place for T-lymphocytes to mature |
| What function does the spleen have? | Contains the largest collection of WBCs and macrophages; also culling, pitting. |
| What is culling? | the removal of senescent or abnormal RBCs |
| What is pitting? | "plucking out" particulate matter from RBCs |
| What is red pulp? | reservoir for platelets |
| What is white pulp? | line of defense in blood-borne infections |
| What is the function of lymph nodes? | filters to remove foreign particles from lymph by resident dendritic cells and macrophages. |
| What is the function of the liver? | Bile production; excretion of bile, bilirubin, drugs, hormones, cholesterol; blood detox and purification; synthesis of plasma proteins; storage of vitamins, minerals, and glycogen. |
| What is hematopoiesis? | Development of all the different cell lineages of blood |
| Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults (primarily)? | Bone marrow of Skull, ribs, sternum, scapulae, clavicles, vertebrae, pelvis, and sacrum. |
| Where does fetal hematopoiesis occur? | liver, spleen, and yolk sac |
| What is apoptosis? | Cell death |
| What is a cytokines? | Hematopoietic growth factors |
| What does CFU stand for? | Colony forming units |
| What does GEMM stand for? | granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte, and megakaryocyte. |
| What percentage is red marrow at birth? | 90 |
| What percentage is red marrow at 25? | 60 |
| What percentage is red marrow at 65? | 40 |
| What is the ratio between myeloid and erythroid cells? | 2:1 to 4:1 |
| Where are bone marrow aspirates and biopsies done? | Sternum and Iliac crest |
| What is primary hemostasis? | the response to vascular injury that produces a platelet clot at the site of damage |
| What is secondary hemostasis? | the cascade of enzymatic reactions that ultimately results in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin monomer |
| Define hematology | the study of blood and blood tissues |
| What is the function of erythrocytes? | Carry oxygen to tissues |
| What is the function of leukocytes? | Fight foreign invaders |
| What is the function of platelets? | To form clots and perform hemostasis. |
| What is an example of blood screening tests? | CBC, bleeding time, D-dimer |
| Define hematopoiesis | creation, development, and death of blood cells |
| What is the life span of RBCs? | 120 days |
| What is the life span of WBCs? | 13 to 20 days |
| What is the life span of platelets? | 7 to 10 days |
| What is splenomegaly? | Inflammation and swelling of spleen |
| What is hypersplenism? | Over active spleen |
| What is hepatosplenomegaly? | Swelling of spleen and liver |
| What is lymphadenopathy? | swelling of lymph nodes |
| What is erythropoiesis? | Regulation and formation of RBCs |
| What is granulopoiesis? | Regulation and formation of granulocytes |
| What is megakaryopoiesis? | Regulation and formation of megakaryocytes |
| What is aplastic marrow? | Empty of red blood cells |
| What is hypoplastic marrow? | Very little red blood cells |
| What is hyperplastic marrow? | Over production of red blood cells |
| What is the characteristics of a mature RBC? | Stains a salmon color with no nucleus, round with concave center |
| What is the characteristics of pronormoblast? | Small to moderate amount of deep blue cytoplasm, 1-3 faint nucleoli reddish-purple, lacy chromatin |
| What is the characteristics of a basophilic normoblast? | Deep blue-purple color, irregular cell borders, halo can be apparent, coarsening chromatin deep purple-blue color |
| What is the characteristics of reticulocyte? | purple-blue color, no nucleus |
| What is the complete maturation of RBCs? | Pluratipotential stem cell, myeloid stem cell, BFU-E, CFU-E, pronormoblast, basophilic normoblast, polychromatic normoblast, orthochromic normoblast, polychromatic erythrocyte (reticulocyte), erythrocyte. |
| List nutritional and regulatory factors with associated with erythropoiesis | EPO, iron, vitamin b12, folate, intrinsic factor |
| What is EPO? | Erythropoietin and is made by the kidneys and used to made RBCs. |
| What is the basic structure of a RBC? | bi-phospholipid membrane, bi-concave disk, Na+/K+ membrane pump |
| What is Billirubin? | a dark yellow waste product that is primarily created when the body breaks down hemoglobin, which is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. |
| List the common factors that alter WBC values | Trauma, infection, exercise. |
| Relative value for seg neutrophils | 50-65% |
| Relative value for band neutrophils | 0-7% |
| Relative value for lymphocytes | 25-40% |
| Relative value for monocytes | 3-9% |
| Relative value for eosinophils | 1-3% |
| Relative value for basophils | 0-1% |
| Absolute value for seg neutrophils | 2.0-6.8 x 10^9/L |
| Absolute value for band neutrophils | 0-0.5 x 10^9/L |
| Absolute value for lymphocytes | 1.0-4.0 x 10^9/L |
| Absolute value for monocytes | 0.2-1.0 x 10^9/L |
| Absolute value for eosinophils | 0-0.5 x10^9/L |
| Absolute value for basophils | 0-0.2 x10^9/L |
| What are the type(s) granulocytes? | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils |
| What are the type(s) agranulocytes? | Lymphocytes and monocytes |
| What is the maturation sequence of neutrophils? | Multipotent hematopoietic stem cell, common myeloid progenitor, Granulocyte-monocyte progenitor, myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band neutrophil, segmented neutrophils. |
| What is the maturation sequence of eosinophils? | Multipotent hematopoietic stem cell, common myeloid progenitor, eosinophil-basophil progenitor, myeloblast, promyelocyte, eosinophilic myelocyte, eosinophilic metamyelocyte, eosinophilic band, eosinophil. |
| What is the maturation sequence of basophils? | Multipotent hematopoietic stem cell, common myeloid progenitor, eosinophil-basophil progenitor, myeloblast, promyelocyte, basophilic myelocyte, basophilic metamyelocyte, basophilic band, basophil. |
| What are the characteristics of myeloblasts? | Round nucleus, lacy chromatin, light blue cytoplasm, N:C ratio High,14-20 mcM size, absent granules |
| What are the characteristics of promyelocytes? | Round nucleus, lacy chromatin but more condensed, nucleoli present, deep blue cytoplasm, N:C ratio: high, 15-21 mcM size, large reddish-purple nonspecific granules |
| What are the characteristics of myelocytes? | Round nucleus, condense chromatin, nucleoli usually absent, light blue cytoplasm, 12-18 mcM size, small pinkish-red specific granules. |
| What are the characteristics of metamyelocytes? | Kidney bean shaped nucleus, chromatin condensed stains dark purple, pinkish-tan cytoplasm, decreased 10-18, pinkish lavender specific granules. |
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