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Psych111: Ch. 2
vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| theory | An organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships |
| hypothesis | A statement that attempts to predict or to account for a set of phenomena; scientific hypotheses specify relationships among events or variables and are empirically tested. |
| operational definition | A precise definition of a term in a hypothesis, which specifies the operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being defined. |
| principle of falsifiability | The principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of dis confirmation; that is, the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what will not happen. |
| confirmation bias | The tenancy to look for ot pay attention to information that confirms one's own belief. |
| replicate | To repeat a previous study |
| peer review | The process of scientists' submitting their results to professional journals, which sends the findings to experts in the field for evaluation and suggest revisions before publishing them. |
| representative sample | A group of participants, selected from a population for study, that matches the population in important characteristics such as age and sex. |
| descriptive methods | Methods that yield description of behaviour but not necessarily casual explanations. |
| case study | A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated. |
| observational study | A study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behavior without interfering with the behaviour; it may involve either naturalistic or laboratory observation. |
| naturalistic study | Observing how people or animals act in their normal societal environments. |
| laboratory observation | Observing how people or animals act in a laboratory setting. |
| psychological tests | Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, interests, abilities, and values. |
| standardize | in test construction, to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test. |
| norms | In test construction, established standards of performance. |
| reliability | In test construction, the consistency of scores derived from a test, from one time and place to another. |
| test- retest reliability | The ability of a test to return similar individual scores from one session to the next when the test is given twice to the same group of people and the two scores are compared statistically. |
| alternate- forms reliability | The ability of a test to return similar individual scores from one session to the next when different versions of the same test are given to the same group on two separate occasions. |
| validity | The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure. |
| face validity | The ability of a test to measure what its designers have set out to measure. |
| content validity | The ability of a test to predict independent measures or criteria, of the trait in question. |
| surveys | Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions. |
| volunteer bias | A shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample; the volunteers may differ from those who did not volunteer. |
| correlation study | A descriptive study that looks for a consistent relation between two phenomena. |
| correlation | A measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. |
| variables | Characteristics of behaviour or experience that can be measured or described by a numeric scale. |
| positive correlation | As association between increases in one variable and increases in another- or between decreases in one and in another |
| negative correlation | An association between increases in one variable and decreases in another. |
| coefficient of correlation | A measure of correlation that ranges i n value from -1.00 to 1.00 |
| experiment | A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another. |
| independent variable | A variable that an experimenter manipulates. |
| dependent variable | A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable. |
| control conditions | In an experiment, a comparison condition in which participants are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition. |
| experimental group | Participants in a experiment who are exposed to the manipulation of the independent variable. |
| random assignment | A procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same possibility as any other of being assigned to a given group. |
| placebo | An inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient. |
| single-blind study | An experiment in which participants do not know weather they are in an experimental or a control group. |
| experimenter effects | Unintended changes in participants' behaviour die to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter. |
| double- blind study | A experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the study know which participants are in the control group and which are in the experimental group until after the results are tallied. |
| field research | Descriptive or experimental research conducted in a natural setting outside the laboratory. |
| descriptive statistics | Statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data. |
| Arithmetic mean | As average that is calculated by adding up as set of quantities and dividing the sum bu the total number of quantities in a set. |
| standard deviation | A commonly used measure of variability that indicates the average difference between scores in a distribution and their mean. |
| inferential statistics | Statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw inferences about how statistically meaningful a study's results are. |
| significance tests | Statistical tests that show how likely it is that a study's results occurred merely by chance. |
| statistical significance | An attribute of a result whose likelihood of occurring by chance is extremely low. |
| cross-sectional study | A study in which participants pf different ages are compared at a given time |
| longitudinal study | A study in which participants are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time. |
| effect size | The amount of variance, a statistical measure of the variability among scores in a study accounted for by the independent variable. |
| meta- analysis | A procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies; it determines how much of the variance in scores across all studies can be explained by a particular variable. |
| informed consent | The docterine that human research participants must participate voluntarily and must know enough about the study to make intelligent decisions about weather to participate. |
| criterion validity | The ability of a test to predict independent measures, or criteria, or the trait in question. |
Created by:
ktutty
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