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Psych111: Ch. 1
vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| empirical | Relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement. |
| psychology | The discipline concerned with behaviour and mental processes and how they are effected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment |
| psychobabble | pseudoscience and quackery covered by a veneer of psychological and scientific- sounding language. |
| critical thinking | the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well- supported reasons and evidence, rather than emotion or anecdote. |
| Phrenology | The now discredited theory that different brain areas account for specific character and personality traits which can be "read" from bumps on the skull. |
| Structuralism | An early psychological approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements. |
| Functionalism | An early psychological approach that emphasized the function or purpose of bahaviour and consciousness. |
| William James | (1842- 1910) American philosopher, physician and psychologist and leader of functionalism |
| Charles Darwin | (1809- 1882) British naturalist who pioneered the theory of evolution of the species. |
| Sigmund Freud | (1856-1939) Austrian neurologist who pioneered the field of psychoanalysis. |
| psychoanalysis | A theory of personality and a methood of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, that emphasized unconscious motives and conflicts. |
| biological perspective | A psychological approach that emphasized bodily events anc changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts. |
| evolutionary psychology | A field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition, development, emotion, social practices, and other areas of bahaviour. |
| learning perspective | A psychological approach that emphasized how the environment and experience affect a person's or animal's actions; it includes behaviorism and social-cognitive learning theories. |
| behaviourism | an approach to psychology that emphasized the study of observable behaviour and the role of the environment as a determinant of bahaviour. |
| social-cognitive learning theorists | Practitioners who combine elements of behaviourism with research on thoughts, values, expectations, and intentions. |
| cognitive perspective | A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior. |
| social psychologists | Practitioner who focuses on social rules and roles, how groups affect attitudes and behaviour, why people obey authority, and how each of us is affected by other people. |
| cultural psychologist | Practitioner who examines how cultural rules and values- both explicit and unspoken- affect people's development, behaviour, and feelings. |
| psycho dynamic perspective | A psychological approach that emphasized unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy. |
| humanist psychology | A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential, rather than the scientific understanding and assessment of behaviour. |
| feminist psychology | A psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behaviour of the two sexes |
| basic psychology | The study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application. |
| applied psychology | The study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance; ilso the application of psychological findings. |
| Experimental psychologist | Practitioner who conducts laboratory studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology, and cognition. |
| Educational psychologies | Practitioner who studies psychological principles that explain learning and search for ways to improve educational systems. |
| Developmental psychologist | Practitioner who studies how people change and grow over time- physically, mentally, and socially. |
| Psychometric psychologist | Practitioner who designs and evaluates tests of mental abilities, aptitudes , interests and personality. |
| counseling psychologist | Practitioner who generally helps people deal with problems of everyday life, such as test anxiety, family conflicts, or low job motivation. |
| school psychologist | Practitioner who works with parents, teachers, and students to enhance student's performance and resolve emotional difficulties. |
| clinical psychologist | Practitioner who diagnoses, treats, and studies mental or emotional problems |
| psychotherapist | Unregulated person who does any kind of psychotherapy |
| psychoanalyst | A person who practices psychoanalysis, and who has obtained specialized training at a psychoanalytic institute and undergone extensive psychoanalysis personally. |
| psychiatrist | A medical doctor (MD) who has completed a three- year residency in psychiatry to learn how to diagnose and treat mental disorders under the supervision of more experienced physicians. |
| Occam's Razor | The principle of choosing the solution that accounts for the most evidence while making the fewest unverified assumptions. |
| Wilhelm Wundt | (1832- 1920) German trained in medicine and philosophy, who wrote many volumes on psychology. First person to announce (in 1873) that he intended to make psychology a science. His laboratory was first to have results published in a scholarly journal. |
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