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Psychology Exam #2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensation | Experience associated with a sound, light, etc., and the initial steps by which the sense organs and neural pathways take in stimulus information |
| Perception | The organization of the information brought in by sensation and its meaningful interpretation |
| Physical Stimulus | The matter or energy that contacts our sense organs |
| Physiological Response | Pattern of electrical activity that occurs in sense organs as a result of a physical stimulus |
| Sensory Experience | Subjective sensation of sight, sound, touch, etc. |
| Receptor Cell | A specialized cell that responds to physical stimulus by producing electrical changes that can initiate neural impulses |
| Transduction | Process in which a receptor cell produces a response to a physical stimulus |
| Sensory Neurons | They carry neural impulses from receptor cells to the CNS |
| Receptor Potential | An electrical charge caused by transduction |
| Coding | The action potentials sent to the brain carry information about the strength and type of stimulus |
| Qualitative Information | The type or kind of energy or matter present. Determined by which neurons are firing |
| Quantitative Information | The amount or strength of stimulus. Determined by the rate of firing |
| Sensory Adaption | A change in sensitivity |
| Olfaction | Sense of smell |
| Pheromone | Chemical released by animal that tells other animals something |
| Taste | Taste receptors are located in our 2,000 10,000 taste buds Taste buds contain between 40 & 150 receptor cells |
| Pain Receptors | They are embedded in your skin They are sensory neurons rather than special receptor cells They lead to the CNS |
| A-Delta Fibers | Thick, myelinated, fast conducting Highly localized info. is sent with these Affected by strong pressure or temperature extremes |
| C Fibers | Thinner, unmyelinated, slow conducting Provide you with that overall sense of crappiness that you love so much Affected by chemical changes |
| Gate-Control Theory of Pain | You only feel pain if it passes through a gate The gate is in the lower brain-stem and spinal chord The gate is controlled by the PAG area in the midbrain |
| Opiates | Produced by evil drugs lords Heroin, Morphine, Opium, etc |
| Endorphins | Produced by your body Some are neurotransmitters Some are hormones |
| Analgesia | Absence of sense of pain Can be controlled by endorphins |
| Stress Induced Analgesia | Analgesia that occurs in stressful situations |
| Belief-Induced Analgesia | Analgesia that occurs because of the power of belief or faith |
| Amplitude | Corresponds to perceived loudness |
| Frequency | Corresponds to perceived pitch |
| Conduction Deafness | Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup become rigid |
| Sensorineural Deafness | Problem is between the stirrup & brain (the cochlea or auditory neurons). Normal hearing aids don’t work |
| Amplitude | Intensity |
| Wavelength | Frequency |
| Cornea | A clear tissue that helps to focus light |
| Iris | Opaque film that keeps out light and changes size to affect pupil size |
| Pupil | A hole in the iris |
| Lens | Behind the pupil It focuses light It is adjustable buts gets less so over time (why older people often have to buy bifocals) |
| Retina | Membrane in rear interior of eye Contains millions of receptor cells |
| Rods | Black and White Work in dim light All over the retina 120 million Low acuity (clarity) High sensitivity Rhodopsin |
| Cones | Color Work in bright light Most in the fevea 6 million High acuity (clarity) Low sensitivity 3 different photopigments |
| Photochemicals | When hit by light they cause an electrical change across the cell membrane. (Receptor Potential) |
| Subtractive Color Mixing | Different substances absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light “Blue” objects are those that reflect a lot of short wavelength light but absorb long and medium wavelength light |
| Additive Color Mixture | This occurs when mixing lights not pigments Put lights of all wavelengths together and get white light, not darkness |
| 3 Primaries Law | Using different intensities of 3 wavelengths of light one can create every color imaginable |
| Law of Complementarity | For any wavelength, there is one other wavelength such that the two put together will yield white light |
| Trichromatic Theory | Cells in retina have 3 pigments that absorb different wavelengths of light There are three types of cones Each cone type has one of the 3 types of pigments |
| Color Blindness | Condition where people have fewer than 3 types of cones Most commonly either long wavelength or medium wavelength cones don’t exist Problem is genetic (on the X chromosome) More common in men |
| Blue-Yellow Opponent Cells | Excited by blue & inhibited by yellow or vice versa |
| Red-Green Opponent Cells | Excited by red & inhibited by green or vice versa |
| Bottom-Up Process | Help integrate sensory information into a percept using stimulus information but not prior knowledge |
| Top-Down Process | When we use pre-existing knowledge to interpret sensory information |
| Gestalt Psychologists | Concerned with how we group objects into perceptual units “The whole is different from the sum of its parts” Principles of perceptual organization |
| Proximity Gestalt Principle 1 | We tend to group objects together when they are near each other. |
| Similarity Gestalt Principle 2 | Things that are similar tend to be grouped together perceptually |
| Closure Gestalt Principle 3 | The Gestalt principle that reflects our tendency to “fill in the gaps” and to see incomplete figures as complete |
| Good Continuation or Continuity Gestalt Principle 4 | We prefer perceptions of connected & continuous figures to disconnected and disjointed ones. |
| Good Form (Pragnanz) Gestalt Principle 5 | We tend to perceive things in such a way that shapes or figures are symmetrical, completed, made of clean contours, etc |
| Common Movement Gestalt Principle 6 | Things with a common velocity and direction of movement are perceptually grouped together |
| Difference Threshold | The ability to detect the smallest change in a stimulus about 50% of the time. |
| Vision | Process of detecting the electromagnetic energy that surrounds us. Only a small fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible to humans. |
| Visual Receptor Cells on the Retina | Detect shape, color, motion and depth |
| Feature Detector Neurons | In the visual cortex- Help us recognize objects, and some neurons respond selectively to faces and other body parts. |
| Proprioception | Ability to sense the positions and movements of our body parts. |
| Vestibular System | Composed of structures in the inner ear that monitor the head’s position and movement, maintaining the body’s balance. |
| Motivation | The many factors that influence an individual to behave a certain way at a certain time |
| Motivational State (AKA Drive) | Both terms refer to an internal condition, which can change over time in a reversible way, that orients an individual toward a specific category of goal |
| Incentive | A goal that we are motivated to obtain It is some object or end that is outside of us Also called reinforcers, rewards, and goals |
| Homeostasis | A constancy of interval conditions that your body must actively maintain |
| Regulatory Drives | Preserve homeostasis |
| Non- Regulatory Drives | Does not preserve homeostasis |
| Central-State Theory of Drives | Different drives correspond to different type of neural activity There is a separate central drive system for each drive (for instance hunger & sex have separate drive systems) |
| Drive-Reduction Theory | Stimuli become reinforcing because they are associated with reducing our drives |
| Primary Drive | Innate drives. Drives that do not require learning |
| Secondary Drive | Drives that a person must learn |
| Incentive | Something external to the person Something a person is motivated to obtain |
| Ventromedial Area | This area helps control metabolism so that incoming food is converted to energy for your body When damaged, food is quickly turned into fat rather than usable energy so the body is undernourished and still craves food |
| Arousal | A pattern of psychological reactions that prepare the body for fight or flight |
| Emotion | A psychological experience A normally adaptive mental and physiological feeling states that direct our attention and guide our behavior. |
| Common Sense Theory | Stimulus → Perception of Danger → Fear → Pounding Heart Stimulus → Percpetion of Hottie → Love → Bodily Arousal |
| James-Lange Theory | Stimulus → Perception of Danger → Pounding Heart → Fear Stimulus → Perception of Hottie → Physical Response → Love |
| Cannon Bard Theory | The experience of an emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal. |
| Emotional States | Accompanied by arousal, our experiences of the bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. |
| Cognitive Appraisal | Allows us to also experience a variety of secondary emotions. |
| Two-Factor Theory of Emotion | The experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing, and the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be. |
| Stress | Refers to the physiological responses that occur when an organism fails to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats. |
| General Adaptation Syndrome | Refers to the three distinct phases of physiological change that occur in response to long-term stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. |
| Circadian Rhythm | A 24 hour cycle It is governed by our nervous system It can shift, lengthen or shorten Examples: Sleep & body temperature |
| Electroencephalogram | A gross record of average electrical activity in the brain |
| Alpha Waves | When awake and relaxed |
| Beta Waves | When awake and alert or when in REM sleep |
| Theta Waves | Slowering frequency than alpha waves, appear in stage 1 sleep |
| Delta Waves | Increase from sleep stages 2 to 4 |
| Sleep thoughts | Like daytime thinking Occur when awakening from slow-wave sleep Not the same as dreams |
| REM sleep | Beta waves Person most relaxed Breathing & heart rate increase Rapid eye movements Dreams |
| Restoration theory | We need sleep to recuperate and restore damaged tissues |
| Preservation & protection theory | Evolution directs different animals to sleep when Animal’s daily food needs are met Animal is least likely to find food Animal is least likely to be eaten Animal is most likely to harm self |
| Insomnia | Can’t sleep and feel like crap because of it It is not diagnosed according to total time spent sleeping. The diagnoses requires that the amount of sleep you get is insufficient |
| Consciousness | Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment, is functional because it allows us to plan activities and monitor our goals. |
| Psychoactive Drugs | Chemicals that change our state of consciousness. They work by influencing neurotransmitters in the CNS. |
| Stimulants | Increase neural activity by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the CNS. (Nicotine, Caffine) |
| Depressants | Decrease consciousness by increasing the production of the neurotransmitter GABA and decreasing the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. (Alcohol) |
| Opioids | Produce euphoria and analgesia by increasing activity in opioid receptor neurons. (Heroin, Morphine) |
| Hallucinogens | Create an extreme alteration of consciousness as well as the possibility of hallucinations. (Cannabis, LSD) |
| Intelligence | The ability to think, to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to adapt to new situations. Intelligence is important because it has an impact on many human behaviors. |
| General Intelligence | A construct that accounts for the overall differences in intelligence among people, |
| Specific Intelligences | Measures of specific skills in narrow domains, including creativity and practical intelligence. |
| Emotional Intelligence | The ability to identify, assess, manage, and control one’s emotions. People who are better able to regulate their behaviors and emotions are also more successful in their personal and social encounters. |
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audreyanna234
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