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PATHO Chap 9 hemato
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the hematopoietic system? | the bodily system of organs & tissues (bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, & lymph nodes) involved in the production of blood |
| What are the main functions of the hematopoietic system? | 1. brings oxygen, nutrients, & hormones 2. carries away waste products 3. major defense against infection, toxic substances, & foreign antigens |
| produced in bone marrow & transport O2 and CO2 (aka red blood cells) | erythrocytes |
| are produced in bone marrow, involved in clotting (aka platelets) | thrombocytes |
| produced in bone marrow and lymphoid tissue; protect against infection (aka white blood cells) | leukocytes |
| an iron-based protein that carries oxygen | hemoglobin |
| defends the body against bacteria by ingesting & destroying | neutrophils |
| defends against parasites, associated with allergy & asthma | eosinophils |
| what color do eosinophils turn when dyed? | red |
| produce histamine & serotonin that induce inflammation & heparin | basophils |
| what color do basophils turn when dyed? | blue |
| aids in synthesis of antibodies & the production of immunoglobulins | lymphocytes |
| phagocytosis, mature into macrophages | monocytes |
| What are made in red bone marrow? specifically in flat bones such as skull, sternum, ribs, and pelvis | erythrocytes and thrombocytes |
| What is produced both in red marrow & lymphoid tissue? | leukocytes |
| Which blood cell contains hemoglobin? | erythrocytes |
| What are the 5 types of leukocytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes |
| Red blood cell disease that is caused by a decrease in the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in the peripheral blood | anemia |
| What is anemia caused by? | improper formation of new blood cells, increased rate of red blood cell destruction, & loss of red blood cells as a result of prolonged bleeding |
| What are the symptoms of anemia? | pale, fatigue, muscle weakness, SOB, & increased heart rate |
| What is the MOST common type of anemia | Iron Deficiency Anemia |
| What is iron deficiency anemia caused by? | ulcers, malignant tumor, excessive bleeding menstruation, diet, intestinal parasites, & pregnancy |
| What is the tx for iron deficiency anemia? | change in dietary habits, oral supplements |
| Anemia caused by shortened life span of the red blood cells with resulting hemolysis and the release of hemoglobin into the plasma | hemolytic anemia |
| What is hemolytic anemia most often caused by? | hereditary defect (abnormal RBC or hemoglobin) |
| fragile/susceptible to rupture (10-30 days) | spherocytosis |
| African American, hemoglobin is abnormal | sickle cell anemia |
| Italian, Greek Sicilian; may protect against malaria | thalassemia |
| Mother Rh- with baby Rh+, ruptures in placenta | erythroblastosis Fetalis |
| What pathology causes hair on on end appearance? | Thalassemia |
| Deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acids to defective DNA synthesis and an anemia with decreased number of red blood cells; unusually large & structurally abnormal RBC | megoblastic anemia |
| Causes of megaloblastic anemia | poor diet, strict veganism, or long-term alcoholism |
| Treatment of megaloblastic anemia? | correcting the B12 or folic acid deficiency |
| An inadequate intrinsic factor secretion related to atrophy of the gastric mucosa | pernicious anemia |
| A generalized failure of the bone marrow to function; results in decreased levels of erythrocytes, leukocytes, & platelets (cannot fight infection & bleeding tendency) | aplastic anemia |
| Causes of aplastic anemia include: | exposure to chemical agents or drugs (radiation, chemotherapy, pesticides), infections, and invasions of the bone marrow by cancer |
| Treatment for aplastic anemia | depends on severity & duration; regular blood transfusions, preventative antibiotics, or blood marrow transplantation |
| Infiltration of bone marrow with non-hematopoietic cells (tumors cells or encroachment on marrow cavities caused by cortical thickening) | Myelophthisic Anemia |
| Causes of Myelophthisic Anemia include: | leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma; marrow invaded by METS (breast, prostate, lung, & thyroid); lipid storage disorders (Gaucher's disease, osteopetrosis, myelofibrosis) |
| Treatment for Myelophthisic anemia: | treat underlying cause; a packet red blood cell transfusion |
| characterized by hyperplasia of the bone marrow (neoplastic) that results in increased erythrocytes, granulocytes, & platelets | polycythemia |
| Symptoms of polycythemia include | slowly progresses, increased blood volume & viscosity, cerebrovascular & peripheral vascular insufficiencies area common (thrombotic or hemorrhagic event), peptic ulcer disease, gout, urate stones, or splenomegaly |
| This may be a result of long-term inadequate O2 supply in patients with severe chronic pulmonary disease or congenital cyanotic heart disease, or it may develop in persons living in high altitudes | secondary polycythemia |
| Treatment for polycythemia | bloodletting, chemo, splenectomy (15-20 years after dx) |
| neoplastic proliferation of WBCs | Leukemia |
| cancer of bone marrow | Myelocytic leukemia |
| malignancy of the lymph nodes (ONLY lymphocytes increase) | lymphatic leukemia |
| abrupt onset & progresses rapidly | acute |
| prolonged course & may involve either cell type | chronic |
| Symptoms of leukemia include: | decrease in RBC & platelets, weakness, SOB, cardiac palpitations, bleeding tendency |
| What happens with leukemia? | the WBCs infiltrate spleen and liver causing enlargement |
| Does leukemia consist of mature or immature WBCs? | immature; leaving the patient highly susceptible to infection |
| Treatment for leukemia? | chemo, bone marrow transplant, antibiotics, or blood transfusion |
| Neoplasms of the lymphoreticular system (lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid tissues of parenchymal organs, such as gastrointestinal tract, lung, and skin) | lymphoma |
| presence of Reed-Sternberg cell; usually occurs in neck & upper body | Hodgkin’s |
| Where does Hodgkin's mostly originate? | 90% originate in lymph nodes |
| no Reed-Sternberg cell present; usually occurs in abdomen & lower body | Non-Hodgkin's |
| Treatment for Hodgkin's | multi-drug chemo & high dose radiation |
| Treatment for non-Hodgkin's | more aggressive chemo, bone marrow |
| Self-limited viral disease of the lymphoreticular system | Infectious Mononucleosis |
| Symptoms of infectious mononucleosis | mild fever, fatigue, sore throat, & swollen lymph nodes |
| Causes of infectious mononucleosis | Epstein-Barr virus, intense increase of lymphoid cells |
| Treatment for infectious mononucleosis | supportive therapy, adequate bed rest, & hydration |
| Inherited anomaly of blood coagulation that appears clinically in only males (pt's have decreased serum concentration or absence of antihemophilic globulin = lifelong tendency to spontaneous hemorrhage) | Hemophilia |
| treatment for Hemophila | transfusions & factor VIII replacement |
| Deficiency in the number of platelets, results in spontaneous hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membranes of the mouth, and internal organs | purpura |
| what is purpura also known as | thrombocytopenia |
| Treatment of purpura | blood platelet transfusions |
| What radiology procedure/test is generally the first imaging procedure used in staging lymphoma? | CT chest, abdomen, pelvis |
| The most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is: | pernicious anemia |
| What hematopoietic disease is characterized by a tubular stomach with bald appearance? | megaloblastic anemia |
| T/F Infection mononucleosis can be spread by both airborne saliva droplets & by saliva from an infected person | True |
| When diseases of the hematopoietic system result in demineralization of bone; the technologist must be alert to the possibility of? | pathological fracture |
Created by:
gnteumac
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