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Pharmacology for PAs
Patient Management
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of drug disposition in the body and focuses on the change in drug plasma concentration in tissues and body fluids over time | pharmacokinetics |
| detailed mechanism of action by which drugs produce their pharmacological effects on target organs. | pharmacodynamics |
| effective for administering potent drugs at low dosages | Skin patches advantages |
| effective for treating respiratory problems, delivered directly to the site of action, minimize side effects | Aerosols -Advantages |
| Distribution across the BBB is affected by what drug property? | Lipid solubility |
| Enzyme- catalyzed conversion of drugs is known as what? | Metabolism aka biotransformation |
| Where does most biotransformation take place? | Liver |
| What organs besides the liver have enzymes for drug metabolism? | intestines, kidneys, brain, lungs, and skin |
| What other routes of excretion exist besides the kidneys? | bile, sweat, saliva, tears, feces, breast milk, and exhaled air |
| What is the first step in renal drug excretion? | glomerular filtration |
| How are weak acids, bases, and other charged particles excreted? | active tubular secretion |
| How are non-electrolytes excreted? | passively |
| How are compounds with large molecular weights excreted? | in the bile |
| How are most drugs absorbed? | passive diffusion |
| Where are weak acids absorbed? | in the stomach |
| Where are weak bases absorbed? | in the intestine |
| How does molecular size affect the distribution of heparin, for example? | heparin is confined to the plasma because of its large size |
| How can the first pass effect be bypassed? | Orally or sublinqually |
| This group of substances catalyzes the biotransformation of many drugs. | cytochrome P450 enzyme system |
| This term is defined as the fraction of the administered dose of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation in an active form. | bioavailability |
| The time required to reduce the plasma drug concentration by 50%. | half-life |
| The point at which the rate of drug elimination reaches the rate of drug administration | steady state |
| How long does it take to reach steady state? | 5 half lives for a first order process |
| What is the term for a dose given to rapidly establish a therapeutic plasma concentration? | loading dose |
| What is the term for a dose given to establish or maintain the desired steady-state plasma drug concentration | maintenance dose |
| Specific cell molecules by which drug molecules interact to produce their desired. effects. They are typically protein molecules | receptors |
| This is not always related to receptor affinity and differs among various drugs that bind to a receptor and start the signal transduction pathway. | intrinsic activity |
| Drugs that have both receptor affinity and efficacy are called: | agonists |
| This term indicates that the drug can produce maximal response obtainable in a tissue. | Full agonists |
| These can produce only a submaximal response. | Partial agonists |
| These reduce the rate of signal transduction. | Inverse agonists |
| Drugs that have receptor affinity but lack efficacy. | antagonists |
| The relationship between the concentration of a drug at the receptor site and the magnitude of the response. | intrinsic activity |
| a continuous response when elicited that is described in terms of a percentage of the maximal response plotted against the log dose of the drug. | Graded dose-response relationship |
| an all or none response that is described as a cumulative percentage of subjects exhibiting a defined all-or-none effect and is plotted against the log dose of the drug | Quantal |
| T or F: some drugs can cause damage to specific organs while not damaging others. | t |
| List some ways in which drugs can interfere with each other. | pharmacodynamic interations, altered drug absorption or distribution or biotransformation or excretionDrug- food interactions, reaction between drugs, |
| In this population, the capacity to metabolize and excrete drugs is greatly reduced because of low levels of drug biotransformation enzymes. | neonates and premature infants |
| In this population, first pass inactivation may be increased, as well as a higher biotransformation rate. | children |
| In this age group, there is a higher volume of distribution for fat- soluble drugs. | the elderly |
| In this age group, there is a reduced capacity to excrete drugs. | neonates, infants, and the elderly |
| Disease in these organs can result in reduced drug clearance. | Liver and kidneys, as well as heart failure |
| In the very young and the very old, what adjustment should be made in drug prescribing? | dosage per kilogram should be reduced |
| What can result if dosages aren't reduced for liver and kidney disease patients? | toxicity because of reduced metabolism and exretion |
| Is conjugation, oxidation or both usually reduced in liver disease? | oxidation |
Created by:
cwyatt13
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