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Inter. Rela. Exam 1
Chapters 1, 3, 4, and 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why do we say that humans are social animals? | Prefer to live in groups, even for introverted people, we have a strong desire for interaction, and the interactions with others are rewarding. |
| What is the need for affiliation? | Seeking the company of others and interacting with them in a positive manner. |
| What are the main motivations for affiliation? (we talked about four in class) | Emotional Support, Attention, Positive Stimulation, Social Comparison |
| How does the desire for affiliation change depending on the situation? | Desire of affiliation changes if we are in certain unpleasant situations i.e., when we are nervous or tense before an interview, and when we are in conditions that requires concentration i.e., we need to revise for an important test. |
| How does personality affect the desire for affiliation? | People have inbuilt behavioral patterns that encourage others to affiliate with them. |
| What is the belongingness hypothesis? | States that humans have a powerful, innate motivations to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relations. |
| What is attachment? | A long-lasting, emotionally meaningful tie to a particular individual |
| at what age does the main attachment process begin? | Around 7 months before the baby can crawl |
| what is the critical period for a child to form an attachment bond? | From about 7 months to 3 years |
| Studying attachment in children—what are the basics of the Strange Situation procedure? | Study to see how children react when mom leaves and when she comes back. |
| Types of attachment – what are the characteristics of each? how does caregiver behavior fit in? Secure | Child shows distress when mom leaves, but the shows comfort when she returns |
| Types of attachment – what are the characteristics of each? how does caregiver behavior fit in? anxious-ambivalent | Child show signs of insecurity when mom is present. They become very distressed when she leaves and but then shows clinginess and maybe even hitting when they come back. |
| Types of attachment – what are the characteristics of each? how does caregiver behavior fit in? avoidant | Child shows no concern when mom leaves. When a stranger is introduced, there is no signs of concern, and when mother returns, they avoid. |
| According to Bowlby, how does a child's attachment affect their later relationships? | Children who are subject to very insecure attachments in early life are liable to be untrusting and insecure in all later relationship, including friendships, romantic relationships, and those with their own children. |
| What is attraction? | The desire to approach rather than avoid someone |
| Is it just sexual? (attraction) | NO |
| Are the factors that determine attraction all independent, or do they interact? | They interact |
| is proximity still important in the age of social media? | Yes |
| what is functional distance? | The likelihood of people coming into contact, the smaller the functional distance between two people, the greater the likelihood that two people will interact. This is more influential than the actual distance in friendship formation. |
| for what kind of relationship(s) does proximity matter? | Friendships and romantic relationships |
| why is proximity important? | Because of familiarity and other factors |
| why does familiarity increase attraction? | When things are familiar, and your brain positively recall of remember. |
| what other factors make proximity important? | Other factors are that it is low cost, expectation of continued interaction, and predictability. |
| is the source of the arousal important? | No |
| what did the Dutton & Aron scary bridge study show about the impact of arousal on attraction? | The impact of arousal on attraction is high arousal subjects tend to show more attraction. |
| what is the physical attractiveness stereotype? | Where we categorize people as good or bad based on attractiveness. |
| what is Efran’s "academic honesty case" study show about the impact of attractiveness? | The study focuses on academic honesty and how the participants would treat the level on punishment based on the student’s attractiveness. People who was more attractive did not receive harsh punishment compared to the people who were unattractive. |
| why do we value attractiveness? | a. learned associations (based on culture) b. positive affect c. associating with attractive other provides increased opportunities |
| is physical attractiveness culturally based or genetic? | Culturally based |
| are there cross-cultural similarities? | Yes. Symmetry of features, youthful appearance is more attractive |
| are there cross-cultural differences? | Yes. Asian culture shows different components than western culture. |
| are there changes across time within a culture? | Yes. What was attractive in the 50’s may not be attractive anymore in |
| what are some common cultural norms in our society about romantic couples' appearance? | Some cultural norms about romantic couple’s are age, men tend to want a younger woman, and height, women may want a taller man. |
| what is the matching hypothesis of attractiveness? does it only apply to romantic relationships? | Tend to end up with partners who are similar level of attractiveness. This is the same for friendships. |
| why do social skills matter? | Affects initial interactions and how we view each other. |
| what are the important self-disclosure norms? | a. social penetration – set in layers which are superficial communication, building trust, and strong working relationship b. self-disclosure reciprocity – Talk about a topic in the same level, usually personal, respond in the same level. |
| what kinds of similarity are important? | a. attitudes (are all attitudes equally important?) Some attitudes are more important to others and vice versa b. interests – Important but sometimes it may not be enough c. background – More important in romantic relationships |
| are similarity equally important for different types of relationships? | No. Some relationship may require less of more of the important similarities. |
| is complementarity (i.e., opposites) ever work? | Not in what its thought to be. Research shows that couples are most compatible with similar interest but opposite on dominance |
| why is similarity important? | It is easier to communicate with people who are similar to us. |
| what is Reciprocating ? | A mutual attraction to where we like those people who express a liking to us. |
| why do we like those who like us? | We find it rewarding when are liked by someone that we like. |
| What do reward models say about the sources of attraction? | We are attracted to people who reward us. More rewards – more attraction. |
| What kinds of rewards can others provide? | Rewarding behavior, rewarding characteristics, and material rewards. |
| how do general characteristics they differ from reward models? | It takes into the account of cost and benefits. |
| what does positive cost/benefit ratio refer to? | Benefits outweighs the costs. |
| basic assumptions about interdependence theory | a. costs & benefits are subjective – can’t always predict what’s “good outcome” for other b. people have power to influence each other’s outcomes – can make them better or worse |
| how do we evaluate the outcomes we get from a relationship? | Using subjective comparison standards |
| comparison level (what is it? where does it come from?) | The amount of rewards we think we deserve from the relationship based on standards derived from social norms and personal expectations. They come from our past experiences in relationships. |
| comparison level for alternatives (what is it? is there always an alternative?) | The amount of costs and rewards we believe are available from alternative relationships. And there is an alternative. |
| what does equity mean? | People will only consider a relationship to be fair if the rewards they get from the relationship reflect what they put in. |
| is the focus only on own rewards & costs? | Yes |
| what kind of outcomes will make people unhappy with their relationship? | when a partner in over-benefitted or under-benefitted. |
| do other species show evidence of sexual selection? | Yes, if they reproduce sexually. |
| what is the basic criterion for selection? | Preference for a mate characteristic are associated with “fitness” and attractiveness. |
| how does evolutionary theory explain general differences in sexual selection strategies? | Females and males have different preferences for mates. |
| who invests more in having babies (female or male)? | Females |
| how does this affect sexual selection strategies of females and males? | Females will select older males because of finances and males will select younger females because of health, i.e., healthier babies. |
| how are humans different from other species in their strategies? | Females and males have developed different strategies for short term mates. |
| how have strategies for short-term mating developed differently for female and male (humans) | Females tend to have higher standards than males |
| do hetero- and non-heterosexual males show similar or different preferences with respect to desired age of partner? | They are similar in preferring a younger mate. Homosexual males are more likely to settle down with mates closer to their age. |
| do hetero- and non-heterosexual females show similar or different preferences with respect to desired age of partner? | Hetero women tend to want an older mate; set max age higher than homosexual women |
| why are these results problematic for evolutionary theories of attraction? | Focuses on more heterosexual relationships because reproduction drives selection. |
| Characteristics of adults based on childhood attachment style Secure | Trust others, easily establish closeness, confident about relationship |
| Characteristics of adults based on childhood attachment style Avoidant | Fear that others become too attached, nervous about closeness, lack confidence that relationship will be rewarding |
| Characteristics of adults based on childhood attachment style anxious/ambivalent | Don’t trust others’ level of attachment, want extreme closeness, lack confidence in relationship. |
| what are the 2 dimensions of adult attachment? | Attachment anxiety and relationship avoidance |
| what are the basic characteristics of attachment anxiety and relationship avoidance? | Attachment anxiety: fear of abandonment and related to self-esteem. Relationship avoidance: related to trust and focuses on benefits |
| what are the 4 types of attachment based on combining these 2 dimensions (& their characteristics)? secure attachment | – low anxiety & low avoidance: Easily become close, handle relationship conflict in a positive, in college, securely attached freshman adjust better. |
| what are the 4 types of attachment based on combining these 2 dimensions (& their characteristics)? preoccupied (anx/ambiv) | – high anxiety & low avoidance: Tend to be preoccupied/obsessed with friends and room partners, fear their feelings won’t be reciprocated, avoid conflict often gives in, rather have relationship with no conflict at all |
| what are the 4 types of attachment based on combining these 2 dimensions (& their characteristics)? dismissing avoidant | – low anxiety & high avoidance: May seem aloof or cold, uncomfortable with intimacy, have trouble recognizing expression of warmth from others, tend to withdraw from relationship when conflicts arise |
| what are the 4 types of attachment based on combining these 2 dimensions (& their characteristics)? fearful avoidant | – high anxiety & high avoidance: Keep others at a distance (even though they like the attachment), expect to be rejected by others, overly attentive to negative facial expressions. |
Created by:
bryantj23
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