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OPT212 - Indications
| Indication | Drug |
|---|---|
| First-line hypertension treatments. | ACE Inhibitors Thiazide diuretics |
| Hypertension drug class that reduce peripheral resistance or cardiac output. | Angiotension agents |
| Hypertension drug class that cause increased sodium excretion. | Diruetics |
| Hypertension drug class that functions through blocking calcium channels and causing dilation of blood vessels. | Vasodilators |
| Hypertension drug class that activate or antagonize adrenergic receptors. | Sympathoplegics |
| Angiotension agent class that causes a hacking, dry cough due to increased bradykinin in the lungs. | ACE Inhibitors |
| Angiotension agent classes that cause increased blood potassium concentration (hyperkalemia). | ACE Inhibitors ARBs Renin Inhibitor |
| Angiotension agent classes contraindicated in pregnant patients. | ACE Inhibitors ARBs Renin Inhibitor |
| Angiotension agent classes that interact with potassium-sparing diuretics. | ACE Inhibitors ARBs |
| Angiotension agent classes that cause problems with fetal circulation (fetotoxic). | ACE Inhibitors ARBs |
| Hypertension drug classes that always result in adverse affects of peripheral edema and reflex tachycardia. | Vasodilators |
| Diuretic type that is most efficacious (most sodium excretion and largest change to urine volume. | Loop diuretics |
| Diuretic type that is weak and is not often used for edema. | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) |
| Diuretic type that causes increased urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) |
| Diuretic type that cause increased potassium excretion (potassium depletion). | All diruetics except potassium-sparing |
| Diuretic type that cause increased calcium excretion. | All diruetics except thiazide diuretics |
| Diuretic type that cause increased water excretion (volume of urine increases). | All diruetics |
| Diuretic type that works in the distal convoluted tubule. | Thiazide diuretics |
| Diuretic type that works in the ascending loop. | Loop diuretics |
| Diuretic type that works in the collecting tubule. | Potassium-sparing diuretics |
| Diuretics that are both potassium-sparing and act as aldosterone antagonists. | Spironolactone Eplerenone |
| Diuretic type that works in the proximal tubule. | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
| Diuretic type that does not work on any certain part of the nephron and do not affect sodium. | Osmotic diuretics |
| Hypertension drug class that may cause potassium excess. | Potassium-sparing diuretics |
| Diuretic of choice for hypertension (not overall drug of choice). | Thiazide diuretics |
| Diuretic type that can be used to treat hypercalciuria. | Thiazide diuretics |
| Diuretic type that can be used to treat diabetes insipidus. | Thiazide diuretics |
| Diuretic type that causes increased sodium and potassium urinary excretion, but decreased calcium excretion. | Thiazide diuretics |
| Diuretic type that has reduced effect when used with NSAIDs. | Loop diuretics |
| Diuretic type that may cause ototoxicity with aminoglycoside antibiotics. | Loop diuretics |
| Diuretic type that is rapid onset and therefore useful in emergency situations. | Loop diuretics |
| Diuretic type that causes increased urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and calcium. | Loop diuretics |
| Diuretic type that includes both aldosterone antagonists and sodium channel blockers. | Potassium-sparing diuretics |
| Diuretic type that can be used to treat secondary hyperaldosteronism. | Potassium-sparing diuretics |
| Diuretic type that should be avoided in patients with cirrhosis unless in emergencies. | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) |
| Diuretic type that can be used to treat glaucoma (decreases aqueous production). | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) Osmotic diuretics |
| Diuretic type that can be used to treat pseudotumor cerebri (side effect of Tetracycline). | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) |
| Diuretic type that can be used to treat mountain sickness. | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) |
| Diuretic type that causes increased urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) |
| Diuretic type that can be used to treat acute renal failure. | Osmotic diuretics |
| Diuretic type that can be used to treat increased intracranial pressure. | Osmotic diuretics |
| Vasodilator drug class that has a greater affinity for vascular calcium channels, rather than calcium channels in the heart. Less side effects. | Dihydropyridines |
| Vasodilator drug class that can be used for arrhythmia and angina, as well as hypertension. | Dihydropyridines |
| Vasodilator drug class that are short-acting. | Dihydropyridines (except Amlodipine) Non-dihydropyridines |
| Vasodilator drug class that do not affect skeletal muscle function (due to intracellular calcium source). | Dihydropyridines Non-dihydropyridines |
| Vasodilator drug class produce vasodilation of coronary and peripheral arteries (not veins) by blocking inward movement of calcium. | Dihydropyridines Non-dihydropyridines |
| Vasodilator drug class that cause adverse effects of peripheral edema and flushing. | Dihydropyridines Non-dihydropyridines |
| Vasodilator drug class that cause adverse effects of cardiac failure, increased renin (water and sodium retention), and increased risk of heart attack or heart failure. | Direct vasodilators |
| Vasodilator that has the longest half-life and is therefore the drug of choice for calcium channel blockers. | Amlodipine |
| Vasodilator that produces vasodilation by relaxing vascular smooth muscle through release of NO. | Hydralazine (direct vasodilator) |
| Vasodilator that produces vasodilation by relaxing vascular smooth muscle through opening potassium channels. | Minoxidil (direct vasodilator) |
| Vasodilator that causes hair growth (hypertrichosis). | Minoxidil (direct vasodilator). |
| Vasodilator that is the least selective of the calcium channel blockers, affecting both vascular and heart calcium channels. | Verapamil |
| Last choice vasodilator due to extensive side effects. | Verapamil |
| Vasodilator given with a beta blocker to prevent tachycardia, as well as with a diuretic to prevent sodium and water retention. | Hydralazine |
| Vasodilator that is a second-line HTN treatment, due to causing tachycardia and water retention that requires combined drug therapy. | Hydralazine |
| Vasodilator that is used for severe to malignant hypertension that does not respond to other drugs. | Minoxidil |
| Vasodilator that causes severe reflex tachycardia and sodium/water retention. | Minoxidil |
| Sympathoplegic drug class that stimulates alpha-2 receptors in order to cause vasodilation in both arteries and veins. | Centrally acting alpha-agonists |
| Sympathoplegic drug class that results in sodium and water retention, sedation, dry mouth, and rebound hypertension. | Centrally acting alpha-agonists |
| Sympathoplegic drug class that is a second-line treatment for hypertension due to side effects, only being used after other therapies have failed. | Centrally acting alpha-agonists |
| Sympathoplegic drug class that causes a competitive block of alpha-1, causing vasodilation in both arteries and veins. | Alpha blockers |
| Sympathoplegic drug class that decreases peripheral resistance, but has minimal long-term changes in cardiac output, renal blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate. | Alpha blockers |
| Sympathoplegic drug class that is a second-line treatment for hypertension due to tolerance and causing heart failure in clinical trials. | Alpha blockers. |
| Sympathoplegic drug class that lower blood pressure by decreasing cardiac output. | Beta blockers |
| Beta blocker of choice due to its increased production of NO (vasodilator). | Nebivolol |
| Beta blockers that have some alpha-1 blocking activity as well, producing some vasodilation in opposite of beta-2 blocking vasoconstriction. | Carvedilol Labetalol |
| Patient types that would respond best to hypertension treatment with a beta blocker. | Previous heart attack Angina Chronic heart failure Migraine |
| Heart failure drug class that inhibits sodium pumps to decrease sodium flow out of muscle cells. | Inotropes |
| Heart failure drug class that causes dilation of veins (decrease in cardiac preload) and dilation of arteries (reduced systemic resistance and reduced afterload). | Vasodilators (Non-Calcium Channel Blockers) |
| Drug class that can be used in all patients with heart disease, except those with acute heart failure (chronic heart failure okay). | Beta blockers |
| First-line heart failure drug classes. | ACE Inhibitors ARBs Diuretics (Thiazide, loop, potassium-sparing) |
| Second-line heart failure drug, used after ACE inhibitors or diuretics have failed. | Digoxin |
| Heart failure drug that has increased risk of toxicity with concurrent use of Amiodarone, erythromycin, quinidine, tetracycline, and verapamil. | Digoxin |
| Heart failure drug that causes toxicity due to decreased potassium levels, signs of which include arrhythmia, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, altered color perception, halos around lights, etc. | Digoxin |
| Heart failure drug with a long half-life and narrow therapeutic index. | Digoxin |
| Heart failure drug reserved for advanced heart failure. | Spironolactone |
| Preferred aldosterone antagonist (potassium-sparing diuretic) for heart failure due to its decreased side effects. | Eplerenone |
| Drug class of choice for reducing acute pulmonary edema due to heart failure. | Loop diuretics |
| Arrthymia drug classes that can cause arrhythmia. | All |
| Arrthymia drug class that prevents activation of sodium channels, in general. | Class I |
| Arrthymia drug class that slows phase 0 of an action potential. | Class I |
| Arrthymia drug class that causes adverse side effects of GI disturbances and blurred vision. | Class I |
| Arrthymia drug subclass that slows both sodium and potassium flow. | Class IA |
| Arrthymia drug subclass that slows conduction (phase 0) and repolarization (phase 3). | Class IA |
| Arrthymia drug subclass that lengthens the action potential. | Class IA |
| Arrthymia drug subclass that slows sodium flow, but increases potassium flow. | Class IB |
| Arrthymia drug subclass that shortens action potentials and is the safest. | Class IB |
| Arrthymia drug subclass that slows sodium flow, but does not affect potassium flow. | Class IC |
| Arrthymia drug subclass that does not affect the action potential length. | Class IC |
| Arrthymia drug subclass that is not safe for even normal individuals and is reserved for life-threatening emergencies. | Class IC |
| Arrthymia drug class that prevents activation of beta receptors. | Class II |
| Arrthymia drug class that inhibits phase 4 depolarization. | Class II |
| Arrthymia drug class that is useful in treating arrthymia caused by increased sympathetic activity, specifically. | Class II |
| Arrthymia drug class that prevents activation of potassium channels. | Class III |
| Arrthymia drug class that prolongs the duration of action potentials, acting on phase 3 repolarization. | Class III |
| Arrthymia drug class that prevents activation of calcium channels. | Class IV |
| Arrthymia drug class that prolongs the duration of the refractory period (phase 4). | Class IV |
| Arrthymia drug class that is contraindicated for heart failure patients. | Class IV |
| Arrthymia drug class that negative inotropic properties (decreases force of contraction and slows everything down). | Class IV |
| Arrthymia drug that has less GI effects, but may cause a Lupus-like syndrome to develop. | Procainamide |
| Arrthymia drug that has similar side effects to anticholinergics. | Disopyramide |
| Arrthymia drug that acts as local anesthetic, has a very small phase 0 effect, and large therapeutic index. | Lidocaine |
| Arrthymia drug that is given by IV. | Lidocaine |
| Arrthymia drug that is often used after a heart attack. | Mexiletine |
| Arrthymia drug that can cause pulmonary toxicity. | Tocainide |
| Arrthymia drug that has class I, II, III, and IV actions. | Amiodarone |
| Arrthymia drug of choice for atrial fibrillation. | Amiodarone |
| Arrthymia drug that causes whorl keratopathy. | Amiodarone |
| Arrthymia drug that is an amiodarone derivative with a shorter half-life and less side effects. | Dronedarone |
| Arrthymia drug that has the least side effects of all class III drugs. | Sotalol |
| Arrthymia drugs that are eliminated 80 percent uncharged, with dosage adjustments required for renal insufficiency. | Dofetilide Ibutilide |
| Arrthymia drug that causes marked repolarization. | Adenosine |
| Arrthymia drug that causes ocular toxicity in 95 percent of patients, with yellowing of vision and flashes. | Digoxin |
| Arrthymia drug that is less effective with caffeine. | Adenosine |
| Angina drug class that causes release of nitric oxide (vasodilator). | Organic nitrates |
| Angina drug class that lowers the rate and force of heart contraction, decreasing the heart's work and oxygen requirement (not a vasodilator). | Beta blockers |
| Angina drug class that binds calcium channels, reducing the frequency of opening and resulting in relaxation of smooth muscle (decreased oxygen demand). | Calcium channel blockers |
| Angina drug class that inhibits the late phase of the sodium current, reducing intracellular sodium. | Sodium channel blockers |
| Drug class that potentiates the vasodilation effect of acetylcholine. | Type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors |
| Drug class intended for treatment of erectile dysfunction. | Type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors |
| Drug class that causes ocular side effects in 3-10 percent of users due to inhibition of PDE-6. | Type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors |
| Drug class that causes mild impairment of color vision, blurry vision, and increased risk of ischemia in the back of the eye in 3-10 percent of users. | Type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors |
| Drug class that causes a risk of hypotension when also taken with organic nitrates. | Type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors |
| Angina drug class that causes relaxation of smooth muscle in both arteries and veins. | Organic nitrates |
| Angina drug class that causes rapid symptom relief, but also has tolerance develop quickly. | Organic nitrates |
| Angina drug class that can cause dangerously low blood pressure (hypotension) if combined with a type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor. | Organic nitrates. |
| Angina drug class that causes relaxation of smooth muscle in arteries only, making hypotension due to venous pooling unlikely. | Calcium channel blockers |
| Angina drug class that improves diastolic function and oxygen supply. | Sodium channel blockers |
| Angina drug class that is used for treatment of chronic angina only (not acute). | Sodium channel blockers |
| Drug class of choice for effort-induced angina, especially long-term treatment. | Beta blockers |
| Drug of choice for acute angina. | Nitroglycerin |
| Second-line treatment for chronic angina, after other therapies have failed. | Ranolazine |
| Blood-thinner drug class that prevents binding of fibrinogen to the GP receptors on the platelet surfaces. | Platelet inhibitors |
| Blood-thinner drug class that either inhibit the action or synthesis of the coagulation factors, but do not affect the platelets directly. | Anti-coagulants |
| Blood-thinner drug class that is used after heart attack or stent implantation. | Platelet inhibitors (Aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, ticlopidine) |
| Blood-thinner drug class that is used in prevention of DVT/PE or stroke due to atrial fibrillation. | Anti-coagulants (Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, warfarin) |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that inhibits COX-1. | Aspirin NSAIDs |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that inhibits expression of GP receptors for fibrinogen by binding to ADP, specifically. | ADP Receptor blockers |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that binds antithrombin III complex to increase its activity. | Thrombin inhibitors |
| Thrombin inhibitors that lead to inactivation of both thrombin and Factor Xa. | High molecular weight thrombin inhibitors (Heparin) |
| Thrombin inhibitors that lead to inactivation of Factor Xa only (not thrombin). | Low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors (Dalteparin and Enoxaparin) |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that selectively inhibits only Factor Xa with no resistance development. | Factor Xa Inhibitors |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase (necessary cofactor). | Vitamin K antagonists |
| Only NSAID that lasts for the entire life of the platelet (7-10 days). | Aspirin |
| Blood-thinner with a rapid effect and cumulative effect with repeated administration. | Aspirin |
| Blood-thinner with a recommended dose of 81 mg/day. | Aspirin |
| Blood-thinner that causes complete inactivation of platelets with 160 mg/day, preventing all clotting. | Aspirin |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that can obstruct access of aspirin and should be taken 30 minutes after aspirin (or 8 hours before). | Other NSAIDs |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that acts as an irreversible antagonist of ADP receptors, inhibiting platelet function for the life of the platelet. | ADP Receptor blockers (except Ticagrelor) |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that results in severe bleeding and bruising. | ADP Receptor blockers |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that results in life-threatening TTP (antibodies for important blood enzymes). | ADP Receptor blockers |
| Blood-thinner drug subclasses that can be used for stroke prevention. | Aspirin ADP Receptor blockers Direct reversible thrombin inhibitors |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that is often used along with aspirin following coronary stent implantation. | ADP Receptor blockers |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that decreases clotting events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. | ADP Receptor blockers |
| Drug of choice after stroke and stent implantation because it is not a prodrug or irreversible. | Ticagrelor |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that must be given by IV, due to the toxicity of the oral formulation. | GP Receptor blockers Thrombin inhibitors |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that is relatively new, mainly used during cardiovascular procedures. | GP Receptor blockers |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that does not cross the placenta. | Thrombin inhibitors |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that can result in hemorrhage (chief complaint), hypersensitivity, thrombosis, or thrombocytopenia (reduced platelet number). | Thrombin inhibitors |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that is contraindicated in patients who are having or have recently had surgery of the brain, eye, or spinal cord (areas that you cannot readily see if they are bleeding). | Thrombin inhibitors |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that is used during cardiovascular procedures to prevent postoperative clotting. | Thrombin inhibitors (high MW only) |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that is used for prevention of venous thrombosis or treatment of various clotting diseases. | Thrombin inhibitors |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that includes the first oral anticoagulant (released long before Warfarin). | Direct reversible thrombin inhibitors |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that is used for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. | Direct reversible thrombin inhibitors |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that is used in hip or knee surgery, as well as prevention of stroke. | Factor Xa inhibitors |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that is taken orally and takes effect 8-12 hours later (but can be delayed up to 96 hours later). | Vitamin K antagonists (Warfarin) |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that is 99 percent bound to plasma albumin, preventing diffusion into CSF, urine, and breast milk. | Vitamin K antagonists (Warfarin) |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass that should be avoided during pregnancy due to its teratogenic nature. | Vitamin K antagonists (Warfarin) |
| Blood-thinner drug subclass with the most drug interactions, also requiring avoidance of foods with large amounts of vitamin K. | Vitamin K antagonists (Warfarin). |
Created by:
ALemonds
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