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PATHO CHAPTER1
PATHO CHAPTER 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of disease that can cause abnormalities in the structure or abnormality in various structures | pathology |
| type of diseases needing increased technique | additive diseases |
| types of additive diseases? | acromegaly, aortic aneurysm, pneumonia, atelectasis |
| types of diseases needing decreased technique? | subtractive/destructive |
| types of subtractive/destructive diseases? | gout, multiple myeloma, emphysema, pneumothorax |
| the pattern of the body's response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal condition | Disease |
| What are the 5 causes of disease? | hereditary (Alzheimer's, Huntington's) , traumatic injury (blunt/penetrating), infection (fungal, bacteria, blood), vascular, metabolic process |
| T/F Some disease falls under 2 of the 5 categories. | True |
| Measurable objective manifestations (what the Dr. sees) | Signs |
| Examples of signs include: | jaundice, taking temp, cough |
| feelings that the patient describes; subjective manifestations (what the patient feels) | Symptoms |
| Examples of symptoms include: | patient states their in pain, SOB, weak, or dizzy |
| Showing no evidence of diease | Asymptomatic |
| Identification of disease process | diagnosis |
| study of the cause of disease process | etiology |
| underlying cause is unknown | idiopathic |
| probable patient outcome | prognosis |
| linked combination of signs & symptoms | syndrome |
| disease caused by physician or treatment (side effects from drugs) | Iatrogenic |
| Infections contracted in the acute care facility (UTI) | Nosocomial infection |
| infections contracted in a public setting outside of the acute care facility (influenza, STI, Covid) | Community Acquired Infections |
| Initial response of body tissue to local injury | Inflammation |
| causes of inflammation include: | trauma, infectious organisms, & chemical substance |
| What are the 5 signs of inflammation? | rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), loss of function |
| the accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue cavities | edema |
| Generalized edema is also known as: | anasarca |
| What are types of Anasarca edema? | CHF, cirrhosis, & renal disease |
| Localized edema is also known as: | Elephantiasis |
| What are types of Elephantiasis edema? | inflammation & obstruction of lymphs |
| an interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ, depriving the cells & tissues of oxygen & nutrients | ischemia |
| what is ischemia caused by? | atherosclerosis & thrombolytic (stationary)/embolic (moving) occlusions |
| a localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of either its arterial supply or its venous drainage | Infarct |
| What is infarct caused by? | thrombus or emboli, volvulus, compression, or trapping (encapsulated hernia) |
| rupture of a blood vessel that allows blood to escape externally or internally, within surrounding tissues or a cavity | Hemorrhage |
| Hemorrhage is caused by? | trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammatory, neoplastic erosion of the vessel wall |
| changes in the number or size of cells | alterations of cell growth |
| What are considered non-neoplastic cell changes? | atrophy, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia, & dysplasia |
| closely resembles the cells of origin | Benign neoplasia |
| neoplastic growth that invades & destroys | Malignant Neoplasia |
| Neoplasia that travels to distant sites | metastasize |
| What are the 3 different ways a neoplasia spreads? | seeding within body cavities (by proximity), lymphatic spread (breast cancer), hematogenous (by blood; travel as neoplastic emboli) |
| assessment of aggressiveness or degree of malignancy (usually 1-3; sometimes 4) | grading |
| extensiveness of tumor at its primary site & mets (0-4, or 5 meaning not coming back) | Staging |
| study of determinants of disease events in given populations | epidemiology |
| is the rate that an illness/abnormality occurs | morbidity |
| reflects the number of deaths by disease per population | mortality |
| treatment options for neoplasms | radiation therapy, chemotherapy, & surgery (could require combination |
| result from an abnormality in the DNA; pass from one generation to the next through the genetic information contained in the nucleus of each cell | hereditary disease |
| what is the most common type of hereditary disease? | enzyme deficiency |
| identical alleles for a single trait | homozygous |
| 2 different alleles for a trait | heterozygous |
| genes always produce an effect whether homozygous or heterozygous | dominant |
| genes manifest themselves only when homozygous | recessive |
| meaning both traits are expressed | codominant |
| alteration in the DNA structure that may become permanent hereditary change | mutation |
| What are mutations caused by? | radiation, chemicals, viruses |
| the body provides a powerful defense against invading organisms by allowing it to recognize foreign substances antigens and produce antibodies to counteract them | Immune respone |
| What are the 3 types of immune reactions? | anaphylactic, cytotoxic reaction, delayed |
| types of anaphylactic reactions? | hives, shock, or laryngeal edema |
| types of cytotoxic reaction | cell destruction by lysis or phagocytosis (RH+, ABO blood types) |
| types of delayed reaction | poison ivy |
| Who are at increased risk to acquire an infectious disease? | healthcare professionals |
| For protection against infectious disease do the following: | standard precautions from CDC, use appropriate protective personnel equipment, utilize transmission based precautions |
| Diseases acquired by contact? | scabies & shingles |
| Disease that are droplet? | influenza & meningitis |
| Diseases that are airborne? | measles, TB, & covid |
| a profound and sustained impairment of cellular immunity that results in recurrent or sequential opportunistic infections | AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) |
| AIDS is caused by: | Human immunodeficiency viruse (HIV) |
| Examples of recurrent or sequential opportunistic infections? | pneumonia, kaposi's sarcoma, dementia |
| lateral/medial, relative to position too organs and vessels | location |
| diameter or width and length | size |
| relative to surrounding tissue | density |
| heterogenous or homogenous (looks like tissue surrounding) | structure |
| tubular, nodular, reticular (spread out), striate or diffuse | shape |
| sharply or indistinctly marginated | demarcation |
| peripheral, homogenous (arterial to venous, look for strictures or infarct) | perfusion |
| space occupying effect (fluid in the belly compressing on kidney or bladder) | integration |
| Uses specially designed x-ray tubes to provide high quality images of the breast; Screening and diagnostic exams | mammography |
| A noninvasive imaging modality that uses high-frequency sound waves produced by electrical stimulation of a specialized crystal; Does not use radiation = great for pregnant women | ultrasound |
| Uses radiation to produce cross-sectional images; Post processing techniques are available | Computed Tomography (CT) |
| Images are obtained by a strong static magnetic field and directing a radiofrequency (RF) pulse of a specific frequency at the area | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
| What is MRI the choice for imaging? | CNS, spine, soft tissue, & many musculoskeletal conditions |
| requires the patient to ingest or be injected (IV or IM) with a radiopharmaceutical that emits radiation; images are created by measuring the signals radiating from the patient (allows for visualization of physiologic processes) | Nuclear Medicine |
| aka SPECT; uses radiopharmaceuticals; camera can rotate independently around the patient; a computer uses the data to reconstruct 3D sectional images (like CT or MRI) | Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography |
| uses a radionuclide tracer similar to a naturally occurring substance in the body, such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, or glucose; allows for demonstration of detailed metabolic activity of the area of interest | Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
| What is PET useful for? | oncology, cardiology, & neurology |
| combines anatomic images with metabolic function images (Simultaneously or separately) which increases the accuracy of a diagnosis | Fusion Imaging |
Created by:
gnteumac
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