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psychology final
psychology
Question | Answer |
---|---|
cognitive activities | private mental processes, such as thoughts and memories |
sociocultural perspective | examines the effects of factors such as ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on human behavior |
william james | psychologist who believed that experience is a fluid and conscious stream of consciousness |
introspection | to look within |
reinforcement | stimulus that increases the frequency of the response |
sigmund freud | most famous of the early psychologists, a veinnese physician |
Kenneth Clark | reseacher who researched African American children |
Aristotle | ancient Greek philosopher that wrote Peri Psyches |
john b watson | founder of the school of psych that looks at studying behavior |
principles of psychology | first modern text book |
Gestalt | school of psychology that emphasizes tendency to organize perceptions into a meaningful whole |
Goals of psychology | observe, describe, explain, predict, control |
consumer psychology | the study of behavior of shoppers to explain and predict their behavior |
4 factors of consumer psychology | gestalt principle, iceberg principle, dynamic principle, image/symbolism |
theory | a statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and happen the way they do |
structuralism | school of psychology that is concerned with discovering the basic elements of concsious experience |
B.F. Skinner | psychologist who introduced the concept of reinforcement |
learning perspective | emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior |
Socrates | Ancient Greek who believed that people could learn much about themselves through introspection |
psychoanalysis | school of psychology that maintains that human behavior is determined by unconscious motives |
psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
functionalism | school of psyhology that focuses on how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment |
biological perspective | emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior |
behavior | any action that people can observe or measure |
Wilhelm Wundt | individual who established first psychology laboratory in Leipzig Germany |
experimental psychologists | conduct research into basic processes, such as functions of the nervous system or sensation and perception |
clinical psychologists | focus on helping people with psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression |
psychoanalytic perspective | stresses the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior |
humanistic perspective | stresses the importance of human concsciousness, self awareness, and the capacity to make choices |
counseling psychologist | deal with people who have adjustment problems |
educational psychologist | involved in preparing standardized tests |
cognitive activities | private mental activitesex: dreams, perceptions, thoughts, and memories |
developmental psychologists | study the changes that occur throughtout the life span |
social psychologists | concerned with peeople's behavior in social situations |
personality psychologists | identify characeristics or traitsex: shyness and friendliness |
Peri Psyches | a book about the mind. one of the first books about psychology |
psych problems in the middle ages | demonic possession/devil possession |
impact of modern science on psychology | -desire of scientific explanations increase- scientific approach led to birth of modern psych- laboratories established |
hippocrates | exception: believed psych disorders caused by brain abnormalties |
7 social sciences | sociology, history, economics, psychology, anthropology, geography, political science |
confidentiality | invloves keeping a person's identity private |
double blind study | study in which participants and person administering treatment don't know if treatment is recieved or not |
experimental group | group in an experiment that recieves treatment |
ethics | standards for acceptable, proper, responsible behavior |
idependent variable | variable in an experiment that is directly manipulated |
single blind study | study in which the participants don't know if they recieve treatment or not |
dependent variable | variable that changes as another variable in changed |
control group | in an experiment, the group that remains untreated |
Hawthorne Effect | people work harder when they know they are being watched |
idependent variable in Hawthorne Experiment | work week, rest period, work day |
dependent variable in Hawthorne experiment | productivity |
informed consent | person agrees to experiment after being given an overview of what is going to happen |
explain 2 different types of "mother monkey figures" used in Harlows experiments | - wire mother with a baby bottle-cloth mother with no baby bottle |
what did the monkey's choice of mother figures reveal about attachment in Harlow's experiment? | the monkeys spent most of their time clinging to their cloth mother, even though it did not feed them. Harlow concluded that the monkeys had a basic need for contact comfort- this need seems to be even stronger than the need for food |
experimental science | assumptions must be backed by scientific evidence obtained through experimentation/research |
research methods | surveys, case studies, longitudinal sudy, double and single blind studies |
5 steps to psychological research | 1. form research question 2. form a hypothesis 3. test hypothesis 4. analyze results 5. draw conclusions |
types of surveys | written in person, written by mailing, oral in person, oral by phone, internet, email |
advantages of surveys | - you can obtain a lot of data quickly and inexpensively- results are easy to tabulate if computes |
disadvantages of suveys | dishonesty, people only disblose what they are willing to share |
random sample | people selected by chance |
stratified sample | people selected to represent sub groups |
sample | representative part of the target population studied to get an idea of results of survey |
hypothesis | a precise pediction about the outcome of an experiment |
generalizing results | applying research findings to entire populationfactors to consider: geographic location, gender, socioeconoic background education levels |
bias | predispotion to a certain point of view |
volunteer bias | people that choose/volunteer are different than those that don't |
volunteer bias factors | - more willing to share personal info- more interested in the topic or research in general- may have more spare time |
methods of observation | survery mothod, testing, case-study, longitudinal, cross sectional, naturalistic-observation, laboratory-observation methods |
testing method | intelligence tests, aptitude tests, personality tests |
case study method | indepth investigation into individual or small groupadv: provides insights into special casesdisadv: focus on events that can't be repeated, people interviewed might distort experiences, researchers might influence others to answer in a certain way |
longitudinal | observe select group over a long period of timeadv: show accurately how individuals change over timedisadv: time consuming, expensive, participents may drop out |
cross sectional | studying involving different ages at a given timeadv: a lot lest time consuming, less expensivedisadv: more variables, data not as reliable |
naturalistic observation | researchers observe the behavior of people or animals in their natural environmentadv: natural settingdisadv: don't alwasy have control over what's going on |
laboratory | observation done in a controlled environmentadv: great control over variablesdisadv: people act different when they know they're watched |
correlation | measures how closely one things is related to another |
positive correlation | 1 variable increases, 2nd increases |
negative correlation | 1 variable increases, 2nd decreases |
controlled experiment | when an experiment uses control goups as well as experimental groups |
placebo | a substance or treatment that has no affect apart from a person's belief in it |
consciousness | awareness of things inside and outside ourselves |
construct | concept used to talk abotu something we can't see, touch or measure directly |
sensation | stimulation of sensory receptors and transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system |
perception | psychological process by which we interpret sensory info |
absolute threshold | weakest amount of stimulus that can be sensedex: dogs hearing more sensitive than humans |
difference threshold | minimum change detected between two stimuli |
signal detection theory | distinguishing sensory stimuli takes into account strength of stimuli, setting, physical state, mood, attitudes |
sensory adaption | process by which we become more sensitve to weak stimuli and less sensitive to unchanging stimuli |
defense mechanisms | psychological distortions used to remain psychologically stable or in balance |
repression | remove anxiety-causing ideas from conscious awareness by pushing them into unconscious |
rationalization | self deception to justify unacceptable behaviors or ideas |
displacement | transfer idea from threatening or unsuitable object to less threatening object |
regression | stress causes person to behavae at an earlier stage of development |
projection | deal with unacceptable impulses or feelins by projecting them onto other people |
sublimation | channel impulses into socailly acceptable behavior |
freud and consciousness | biological drives- aggression, sex, need for superiorityrules- internalized laws, social norms, moral codesconflict- rules conflict with bioloical urges |
manifest | actual dream content at face value |
latent content | hidden meaning |
Id | the part of the unconscious that motivates behavior- instincts and repressed memories- and that demands immediate satisfaction |
ego | the part of the personalit that is in touch with reality and that balances the unconsious demands of id and superego |
superego | the unconcsious aspect of personality that inhibits the demands of id; similar to conscience |
circadian rythms | daily cycles of peaks and valleys that our body goes through |
insomnia | inability to sleep, most common is difficulty falling asleep, comes and goes more intense when thee are high anxiety levels |
nightmares | common ones involve snakes or murders, some specific to an activity or profession, REM sleep, average 2/month |
night terrors | more severe than nightmares, heart races, gasp for air, suddenly sit up and talk incoherently, don't fully wake up, vage memories |
sleep walking | walking in sleep. |
sleep apnea | breathing interruption that occurs during sleep |
narcolepsy | rare sleep problem in which people suddenly fall asleep no matter what time it is or where they are |
REM rebound | people that are deprived of REM sleep they need to catch up on it by getting extra REM sleep later on |
REM | rapid eye movement |
beta waves | when we are awake and alert, short quick |
alpha waves | begin to relax and become drowsy, little slower than beta waves |
theta waves | slower than alpha; stage 1 of sleep |
stage 1 | lightest sleep, brainwaves slow down from alpha rythm to the slower pattern of theta waves |
stage 2 | normal sleep stage |
stage 3 | deep sleep, delta waves |
stage 4 | deepest sleep. most difficulty waking up |
freudian views on dreams | dreams reflecr what a person's unconcious wishes and urges are. some may be unacceptable or painful |
biopsychological view | neurons fire in a part of the brain that controls movemet and vision. they random neuron burts make the brain try to make sense of them causing the brain to weave a dream |
preconcious level | ideas not in awareness at present but can be recalled if needed by directing inner awareness or attention to them |