Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
psychology final
psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cognitive activities | private mental processes, such as thoughts and memories |
| sociocultural perspective | examines the effects of factors such as ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on human behavior |
| william james | psychologist who believed that experience is a fluid and conscious stream of consciousness |
| introspection | to look within |
| reinforcement | stimulus that increases the frequency of the response |
| sigmund freud | most famous of the early psychologists, a veinnese physician |
| Kenneth Clark | reseacher who researched African American children |
| Aristotle | ancient Greek philosopher that wrote Peri Psyches |
| john b watson | founder of the school of psych that looks at studying behavior |
| principles of psychology | first modern text book |
| Gestalt | school of psychology that emphasizes tendency to organize perceptions into a meaningful whole |
| Goals of psychology | observe, describe, explain, predict, control |
| consumer psychology | the study of behavior of shoppers to explain and predict their behavior |
| 4 factors of consumer psychology | gestalt principle, iceberg principle, dynamic principle, image/symbolism |
| theory | a statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and happen the way they do |
| structuralism | school of psychology that is concerned with discovering the basic elements of concsious experience |
| B.F. Skinner | psychologist who introduced the concept of reinforcement |
| learning perspective | emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior |
| Socrates | Ancient Greek who believed that people could learn much about themselves through introspection |
| psychoanalysis | school of psychology that maintains that human behavior is determined by unconscious motives |
| psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| functionalism | school of psyhology that focuses on how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment |
| biological perspective | emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior |
| behavior | any action that people can observe or measure |
| Wilhelm Wundt | individual who established first psychology laboratory in Leipzig Germany |
| experimental psychologists | conduct research into basic processes, such as functions of the nervous system or sensation and perception |
| clinical psychologists | focus on helping people with psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression |
| psychoanalytic perspective | stresses the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior |
| humanistic perspective | stresses the importance of human concsciousness, self awareness, and the capacity to make choices |
| counseling psychologist | deal with people who have adjustment problems |
| educational psychologist | involved in preparing standardized tests |
| cognitive activities | private mental activitesex: dreams, perceptions, thoughts, and memories |
| developmental psychologists | study the changes that occur throughtout the life span |
| social psychologists | concerned with peeople's behavior in social situations |
| personality psychologists | identify characeristics or traitsex: shyness and friendliness |
| Peri Psyches | a book about the mind. one of the first books about psychology |
| psych problems in the middle ages | demonic possession/devil possession |
| impact of modern science on psychology | -desire of scientific explanations increase- scientific approach led to birth of modern psych- laboratories established |
| hippocrates | exception: believed psych disorders caused by brain abnormalties |
| 7 social sciences | sociology, history, economics, psychology, anthropology, geography, political science |
| confidentiality | invloves keeping a person's identity private |
| double blind study | study in which participants and person administering treatment don't know if treatment is recieved or not |
| experimental group | group in an experiment that recieves treatment |
| ethics | standards for acceptable, proper, responsible behavior |
| idependent variable | variable in an experiment that is directly manipulated |
| single blind study | study in which the participants don't know if they recieve treatment or not |
| dependent variable | variable that changes as another variable in changed |
| control group | in an experiment, the group that remains untreated |
| Hawthorne Effect | people work harder when they know they are being watched |
| idependent variable in Hawthorne Experiment | work week, rest period, work day |
| dependent variable in Hawthorne experiment | productivity |
| informed consent | person agrees to experiment after being given an overview of what is going to happen |
| explain 2 different types of "mother monkey figures" used in Harlows experiments | - wire mother with a baby bottle-cloth mother with no baby bottle |
| what did the monkey's choice of mother figures reveal about attachment in Harlow's experiment? | the monkeys spent most of their time clinging to their cloth mother, even though it did not feed them. Harlow concluded that the monkeys had a basic need for contact comfort- this need seems to be even stronger than the need for food |
| experimental science | assumptions must be backed by scientific evidence obtained through experimentation/research |
| research methods | surveys, case studies, longitudinal sudy, double and single blind studies |
| 5 steps to psychological research | 1. form research question 2. form a hypothesis 3. test hypothesis 4. analyze results 5. draw conclusions |
| types of surveys | written in person, written by mailing, oral in person, oral by phone, internet, email |
| advantages of surveys | - you can obtain a lot of data quickly and inexpensively- results are easy to tabulate if computes |
| disadvantages of suveys | dishonesty, people only disblose what they are willing to share |
| random sample | people selected by chance |
| stratified sample | people selected to represent sub groups |
| sample | representative part of the target population studied to get an idea of results of survey |
| hypothesis | a precise pediction about the outcome of an experiment |
| generalizing results | applying research findings to entire populationfactors to consider: geographic location, gender, socioeconoic background education levels |
| bias | predispotion to a certain point of view |
| volunteer bias | people that choose/volunteer are different than those that don't |
| volunteer bias factors | - more willing to share personal info- more interested in the topic or research in general- may have more spare time |
| methods of observation | survery mothod, testing, case-study, longitudinal, cross sectional, naturalistic-observation, laboratory-observation methods |
| testing method | intelligence tests, aptitude tests, personality tests |
| case study method | indepth investigation into individual or small groupadv: provides insights into special casesdisadv: focus on events that can't be repeated, people interviewed might distort experiences, researchers might influence others to answer in a certain way |
| longitudinal | observe select group over a long period of timeadv: show accurately how individuals change over timedisadv: time consuming, expensive, participents may drop out |
| cross sectional | studying involving different ages at a given timeadv: a lot lest time consuming, less expensivedisadv: more variables, data not as reliable |
| naturalistic observation | researchers observe the behavior of people or animals in their natural environmentadv: natural settingdisadv: don't alwasy have control over what's going on |
| laboratory | observation done in a controlled environmentadv: great control over variablesdisadv: people act different when they know they're watched |
| correlation | measures how closely one things is related to another |
| positive correlation | 1 variable increases, 2nd increases |
| negative correlation | 1 variable increases, 2nd decreases |
| controlled experiment | when an experiment uses control goups as well as experimental groups |
| placebo | a substance or treatment that has no affect apart from a person's belief in it |
| consciousness | awareness of things inside and outside ourselves |
| construct | concept used to talk abotu something we can't see, touch or measure directly |
| sensation | stimulation of sensory receptors and transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system |
| perception | psychological process by which we interpret sensory info |
| absolute threshold | weakest amount of stimulus that can be sensedex: dogs hearing more sensitive than humans |
| difference threshold | minimum change detected between two stimuli |
| signal detection theory | distinguishing sensory stimuli takes into account strength of stimuli, setting, physical state, mood, attitudes |
| sensory adaption | process by which we become more sensitve to weak stimuli and less sensitive to unchanging stimuli |
| defense mechanisms | psychological distortions used to remain psychologically stable or in balance |
| repression | remove anxiety-causing ideas from conscious awareness by pushing them into unconscious |
| rationalization | self deception to justify unacceptable behaviors or ideas |
| displacement | transfer idea from threatening or unsuitable object to less threatening object |
| regression | stress causes person to behavae at an earlier stage of development |
| projection | deal with unacceptable impulses or feelins by projecting them onto other people |
| sublimation | channel impulses into socailly acceptable behavior |
| freud and consciousness | biological drives- aggression, sex, need for superiorityrules- internalized laws, social norms, moral codesconflict- rules conflict with bioloical urges |
| manifest | actual dream content at face value |
| latent content | hidden meaning |
| Id | the part of the unconscious that motivates behavior- instincts and repressed memories- and that demands immediate satisfaction |
| ego | the part of the personalit that is in touch with reality and that balances the unconsious demands of id and superego |
| superego | the unconcsious aspect of personality that inhibits the demands of id; similar to conscience |
| circadian rythms | daily cycles of peaks and valleys that our body goes through |
| insomnia | inability to sleep, most common is difficulty falling asleep, comes and goes more intense when thee are high anxiety levels |
| nightmares | common ones involve snakes or murders, some specific to an activity or profession, REM sleep, average 2/month |
| night terrors | more severe than nightmares, heart races, gasp for air, suddenly sit up and talk incoherently, don't fully wake up, vage memories |
| sleep walking | walking in sleep. |
| sleep apnea | breathing interruption that occurs during sleep |
| narcolepsy | rare sleep problem in which people suddenly fall asleep no matter what time it is or where they are |
| REM rebound | people that are deprived of REM sleep they need to catch up on it by getting extra REM sleep later on |
| REM | rapid eye movement |
| beta waves | when we are awake and alert, short quick |
| alpha waves | begin to relax and become drowsy, little slower than beta waves |
| theta waves | slower than alpha; stage 1 of sleep |
| stage 1 | lightest sleep, brainwaves slow down from alpha rythm to the slower pattern of theta waves |
| stage 2 | normal sleep stage |
| stage 3 | deep sleep, delta waves |
| stage 4 | deepest sleep. most difficulty waking up |
| freudian views on dreams | dreams reflecr what a person's unconcious wishes and urges are. some may be unacceptable or painful |
| biopsychological view | neurons fire in a part of the brain that controls movemet and vision. they random neuron burts make the brain try to make sense of them causing the brain to weave a dream |
| preconcious level | ideas not in awareness at present but can be recalled if needed by directing inner awareness or attention to them |
Created by:
10wynvesam
Popular Psychology sets