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Psych. Ch.1
Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) |
| critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
| theory | an explination using an integrates set of principles that organizes and predicts observations |
| operational definition | a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intellifence measures |
| replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and cicumstances |
| case study | an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
| survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them |
| false consensus effect | the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
| population | all the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for study |
| random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because of each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
| naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
| correlation coefficient | a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how wekk either factor predicts the other |
| scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points sugegests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of the scatter suggests the strength of the correlation |
| illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exsists |
| experiment | a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on behavior or mental process (the dependent variable) |
| double-blind procedure | an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have recieved the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies |
| placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent |
Created by:
Ascuba
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