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KINS 447 Final Exam
Final Exam terminology for KINS 447
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The onset of action for a transdermal drug on a runner in hot weather will be | faster |
| Increased metabolism of a drug does what to the blood concentration | decreases it |
| the intensity of the drug effect is impacted mainly by | plasma drug concentration |
| major pathway of drug excretion | kidney |
| nonproprietary drug name | generic |
| proprietary drug name | brand/trade |
| passage of the drug from the GI tract to the bloodstream | absorption |
| drug distributed to various tissues in the bloodstream | distribution |
| chemical modification of a drug into metabolites | metabolism |
| injection of a drug into the muscle | intramuscular |
| type of administration involving topical patches or ointments | transdermal |
| two main factors determining drug distribution | plasma protein binding and blood flow |
| Study of the action of drugs on living tissue | pharmacodynamics |
| Study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. | pharmacokinetics |
| name that defines the chemical composition of a drug | chemical name |
| the amount of drug administered that is absorbed and reaches the systemic circulation | bioavailability |
| the pressure in the arteries during the contraction phase of the heart | systolic |
| positive ionotropic effect | greater contractility |
| positive chronotropic effect | faster heart rate |
| Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension | DASH diet |
| balanced diet that is low in fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sweets, and high in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products | DASH diet |
| diet more effective a lowering BP than reducing sodium | DASH diet |
| two main lipoproteins | LDL and HDL |
| carrier molecules which are composed of both lipids and proteins | lipoproteins |
| lipoproteins have a phospholipid bilayer to allow them to carry what int he bloodstream | cholesterol and TGs |
| omega-3 fatty acids produce what which limits inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis | anti-inflammatory eicosanoids |
| role of antioxidants in the prevention of ASO | protect LDL from being oxidized |
| increased intake of refined carbohydrates (breads, crackers, cereals) will increase what | small, dense LDL |
| type of LDL that is more atherogenic | small, dense |
| major determinant of the risk of plaque rupture which can result in myocardial infarction. | stability of the plaque |
| drugs that inhibit the reabsorption of water | diuretics |
| drugs that inhibit angiotensin formation | ACE inhibitor |
| most important side effect of statins for runners | myopathy |
| calcium channel blockers (CCBs) do what to blood vessels | vasodilate |
| CCBs inhibit the influx of what in arterial smooth muscle | calcium |
| during exercise heat is dissipated through | peripheral vasodilation |
| CCBs do what to total peripheral resistance | decrease |
| main conditions CCBs are used to treat | HTN and angina |
| most commonly used nitrate | nitroglycerin |
| action of nitrates on peripheral smooth vascular muscle | dilate |
| nitrates action the heart workload | decrease |
| nitrates used to treat | MI |
| side effect of nitrates | dizziness and fainting |
| used to lower total cholesterol, LDL and increase HDL | hypolipidemic drugs |
| beta-blockers do what to resting and exercise heart rate | decrease |
| drug class that impairs thermoregulation making it difficult to dissipate heat when exercising | diuretics |
| thiazide diuretics act on what to inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and water | distal convoluted tubule in nephron |
| two main pathologic features of asthma | bronchoconstriction and inflammation |
| when bronchioles inflame with asthma, what occurs | bronchiole wall thickening and mucus formation |
| allergens such as dust and pollen do what to the bronchioles in those with asthma | inflame and constrict |
| the most effective drug for the long term control of asthma in elite athletes is | corticosteroids |
| long acting beta 2 agonist are used to for | chronic asthma |
| type of drug used most commonly to treat acute asthma attacks | short acting beta-2 agonist |
| high doses of beta-2 agonists may stimulate what in the heart | B1 receptors |
| stimulation of beta-2 receptors in the lungs results in what | bronchodilation |
| activates beta-2 adrenergic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle resulting in bronchodilation | beta-2 agonists |
| inhibits cholinergic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle resulting in bronchodilation | anticholinergics |
| stimulates synthesis of cytokines, inhibits production of LT & PG and inhibits leukocyte infiltration | corticosteroids |
| inhibit lipooxygenase resulting in decreased production of inflammatory mediators | leukotriene modifiers |
| airway hyperresponsiveness occurs in response to exercise | EIB |
| produces allergy symptoms and a local immune response when released | histamine |
| clinically defined as a chronic productive cough | chronic bronchitis |
| causes destruction of the alveolar sacs making it difficult for to expel air | emphysema |
| enzyme induced in response to inflammation | COX-2 |
| have NSAIDs been proven to inhibit DOMS? | no |
| increased risk of what in long distance runners using NSAIDS | GI bleeding and renal failure |
| reason NSAIDs increase risk of renal failure in endurance athletes | inhibit PGs, decrease renal blood flow |
| arginine rich foods, omega-3 FAs, soy protein and moderate physical activity are | anti-inflammatory |
| Bradykinin, prostaglandins, histamine and leukotrienes all increase | vascular permeability |
| chemical mediator involved in the pain response | bradykinin |
| Local anesthetics act by doing what to nerve transmission | inhibit locally |
| factor that attracts specific cell types to the area of injury. | chemotactic factor |
| factors that are released from one type of cell and bind to another cell, coordinating and propagating the inflammatory response. | chemical mediator |
| cells which engulf dead cells and debris from an injury site | neutrophils |
| metabolites of arachidonic acid that increase vascular permeability and induce pain | prostaglandin |
| inhibits substance P | capsicum |
| inhibition of COX in the brain | acetaminophen |
| bind to opioid receptors in the CNS | opioid analgesics |
| binds irreversibly with COX-1 | aspirin |
| Agitation, irritability, dizziness, headache, hand tremor and fatigue in an exercising diabetic | hypoglycemia |
| when blood glucose drops the pancreas releases | glucagon |
| glucagon stimulates the breakdown of | glycogen to glucose |
| excess fructose consumption does what to liver insulin sensitivity | increases resistance |
| excess fructose consumption does what to satiety | diminishes |
| excess fructose consumption does what to uric acid | increases formation |
| excess fructose consumption what to fat storage and synthesis | increases |
| excess fructose consumption does what to glycogen synthesis | increases |
| diabetics should avoid exercise at night due to risk of | post-exercise hypoglycemia |
| diabetics should assess intensity with RPE and not HR due to | blunted response to HR |
| despite possible blunted response to BP in a diabetic, BP should be monitored due to risk of | hyper or hypotension |
| what nutrient should be adjusted in a DM when starting a new exercise program | carb intake |
| drug that increases the release of insulin from the pancreas | sulfonylurea |
| drug that inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver | biguanide |
| drug that is an insulin sensitizer in fat and muscle | glitazone |
| drug that decreases the absorption of glucose from the small intestines | alpha-glucosidase inhibitor |
| drug that preserves the insulin producing capacity of B-cells in the pancreas, stimulates insulin release | Incretin mimetic |
| which drug class inhibits the enzyme responsible for inactivating incretin hormones | DPP-4 Inhibitors |
| secreted by pancreatic beta cells to slow the rate of glucose absorption | amylin |
| peptide hormone that enhances insulin release by the pancreas | incretin |
| the underlying defect in type 2 diabetes | insulin resistance |
| If there is evidence that a dietary supplement is unsafe, the FDA must | take appropriate enforcement action |
| Manufacturers are not required to prove what prior to their product going to market | safety or effectiveness |
| a supplement label can make claims regarding disease prevention, ergogenic benefit and aging, but not | treatment of a disease |
| The only intended route of administration for dietary supplements is by | ingestion (orally) |
| structure-function claims cannot make the claim to | treat or prevent diseases |
| abbreviation for Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act | DSHEA |
| DSHEA categorized herbs as dietary supplements and dietary supplements as a subcategory of | foods (not drugs) |
| herb proposed to treat depression | St John's Wort |
| herb proposed to improve memory and concentration | ginkgo biloba |
| herb proposed to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy | saw palmetto |
| herb proposed to relieve stress | kava |
| herb proposed to enhance healing | echinacea |
| herb proposed to treat menstrual cramps | black cohosh |
| herb proposed to prevent migraines | feverfew |
| herb proposed to reduce BP and improve blood lipids | garlic |
| alcohol does what to gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose) | inhibits |
| alcohol does what to fluid loss | increases |
| alcohol does what to protein synthesis | inhibits |
| alcohol does what to B-vitamin absorption | inhibits |
| caffeine does what to muscle lipid oxidation | increases |
| caffeine has what effect on glycogen | glycogen sparing |
| caffeine has what effect on skeletal muscle contraction | enhances |
| caffeine does what to mental alertness | increases |
| caffeine does what to the perception of fatigue | decreases |
| caffeine does what to protein synthesis | no effect |
| cocaine does what to the perception of fatigue | decreases |
| cocaine does what to heat loss during exercise | diminishes |
| cocaine does what to temperature regulation | impairs |
| cocaine does what to heat production during exercise | increases |
| cocaine has what impact on protein synthesis | no impact |
| dilated pupils, dry mouth, lip licking, restlessness, reduced appetite, weight loss and irritability are signs of | amphetamine use |
| caffeine binds to what receptor in the brain | adenosine |
| alcohol inhibits the release of what hormone which results in increased urine production | alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) |
| acute cannabinoid use has what impact on heart rate | increases |
| solubility of cannabinoids | fat soluble |
| amphetamines use during physical activity in warm weather can result in fatalities due to | heat stroke |
| drug class including amphetamines, ephedrine and caffeine | stimulants |
| drug effects include increased blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and release of dopamine | amphetamines |
| drug banned by the NCAA when urine levels exceed 15 ug/m | caffeine |
| neurotransmitter that depresses nerve cell activity, causing drowsiness | adenosine |
| abbreviation for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol | THC |
| increased muscle mass, strength, fat free mass, accelerated bone growth are what type of effects associated with AAS | anabolic effects |
| regulate muscle & bone growth and regulate metabolic processes is the primary function of what | human growth hormone |
| physiological, pharmacological, mechanical and nutritional are all considered what | ergogenic aids |
| aggression, hostility and anger are side effects of what ergogenic aid | AAS |
| reduced sperm production and testicular size in men are side effects of what ergogenic aid | AAS |
| development of masculine features in women is a side effect of what ergogenic aid | AAS |
| oily skin, hair and acne is a side effect of what | AAS |
| AAS stimulate the growth of | protein (muscle and bone) |
| use of r-EPO does what to endogenous EPO production | suppresses |
| use of EPO does what to blood viscosity | increases |
| athletes who use EPO are at risk for what conditions | MI/stroke |
| which PED promotes glucose and amino acid transport into muscle cells | hGH |
| which PED promotes the utilization of amino acids for protein synthesis | hGH |
| an athlete must consume adequate protein and train at a high intensity to obtain benefits of | AAS |
| which drug class is banned during competition in precision sports because they reduce anxiety and tremor | beta-blockers |
| athletes use this drug class to mask the effect of other PEDs | diuretics |
| external influence which can positively affect sporting performance | ergogenic aid |
| PED proposed, but not proven, to increases lean body mass, improve muscle strength and athletic performance. | hGH |
| hGH stimulates the growth of | all tissues |
| one of the more serious side effects of AAS use | liver abnormalities |
| an athlete tested positive for a drug that he was actually not taking | false positive |
| stimulants, oxygen enhancers and relaxants are likely to be used when | during competition |
| depressants are most likely to be used | recreationally |
| anabolic steroids and growth hormone are more likely to be used | during training |
| the NCAA can institute a drug testing policy without violating an athlete's constitutional rights because | not considered state actor |
| public colleges and universities are considered state actors and therefore subject to | constitutional challenges |
| what includes the administration of blood, red blood cells or artificial oxygen carriers | blood doping |
| what tests measures rHuEPO | no direct test |
| substances can be masked in the urine by taking diuretics or | overhydrating |
| changing the pH of the urine by consuming | acidic fruit juices or aspirin |
| antiquated methodology to interfere with the TLC test for opiates | consuming golden seal |
| an error in the Custody and Control Form is a | fatal flaw |
| The inability to urinate in public restrooms is called | shy bladder |
| Chain of custody refers to the documentation required when handing a specimen from the time of collection until | results are reported |
| not every student at a public school can be drug tested because of | constitutional constraints |
| hGH (human growth hormone) detection is difficult because metabolism of the peptide is | fast |
| The most commonly used specimen for drug testing is | urine |
| drug testing specimen with easy analysis due to limited amount of protein and cellular constituents | urine |
| drug testing specimen with strong correlation between concentration of the drug and effect on performance | blood |
| drug testing specimen that is non-invasive and easy to perform, but citrus can skew results | saliva |
| drug testing specimen with a large detection window, beneficial in identifying false-negative results | hair |
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