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ARRT Review

Radiation Safety Part 8 - Direct vs Indirect Effects

QuestionAnswer
Will direct or indirect effects occur to master molecule? Direct (to the DNA or RNA)
Will direct or indirect effects occur to a water molecule? Indirect
Will direct or indirect effects create Radiolysis? Indirect
Will direct or indirect effects create a free radical? Indirect
Will direct or indirect effects occur to routine X-ray exams? Indirect
Will direct or indirect effects occur with higher LET? Direct
Will direct or indirect effects occur with lower LET? Indirect
Can some direct damage be repaired? yes, but it still be cause latent damage such as cancer, abnormal functions
A point mutation would be caused by which type of interaction? indirect
A double strand mutation would be caused by which type of interaction? Direct, high LET
What are two types of particulate radiation? Alpha and Beta
What are two types of electromagnetic radiations? X-ray photons and gamma
There is approximately ___% of DNA in the body 1
Why will indirect effects be the most likely result from an xray interaction? water is the most abundant part of the cell. Water is the primary part of the indirect affect.
Ionization of water cause what chemical in the water? Hydrogen Perioxide
Free radicals contain an unstable ____________ shell electron outer
Will a free radical or hydrogen peroxide be created by direct interactions? no, direct hits are to the DNA molecule itself and therefore no water molecule was affected
What causes sublethal indirect damage hits to be able to be repaired? Nutrients and protein in the repair enzymes. Need oxygen for repairs.
Typical x-ray exam response is "nothing" true... will not see immediate or short term effects. There MAY be long term effects such as cancer or genetics but that is very unlikely with low LET radiation like xray
Direct hits will occur mostly with which type of combination: 1) High LET/High SI or 2) Low LET/Low SI High LET/High SI
Indirect hits will occur mostly with which type of combination: 1) High LET/High SI or 2) Low LET/Low SI Low LET/Low SI
How are SI and LET related? directly
What is SI specific ionization. Pairs of ions that are transferred to tissue. The more pairs, more dense the energy is transferred, but shorter the distance it travels = more damage. Higher SI= Higher LET. Like a Tornado - concentrates damage in a small/short area.
Example of low SI x-ray photon. Very sparse transfer of ions into tissue, travels farther - like a hurricane and distributes the damage
High RBE, High SI, High LET is an example of what radiation? Alpha ( quality factor of 20)
Low RBE, Low SI, Low LET is an example of what radiation? X-ray (quality factor of 1) - this is what is multiplied with absorbed dose from dosimeter to get your equivalent dose on your dosimetry report
OER ratio of 3 would be what type of energy? Low LET, X-ray photon. OER measures the sensitivity of the tissue to oxygen. 3 indicates it is sensitive so it has to do with an interaction and xrays interact indirectly to create an effect
OER ratio of 1 would be what type of energy? Alpha or high LET. 1 means it is NOT sensitive from oxygenated tissue.
How are QF and damage related? directly. Higher the QF, more damage. Alpha is 20 and creates more damage
How are RBE and OER related? inversely. A low RBE for xray, will equate to a higher number for OER for xray. (Xray: RBE 1, OER 3)
Created by: rcberger06
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