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Kinesiology Unit 1
Anatomical terms to biomechanics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomical position | Standard medical reference position of the body where they are standing straight palms out. |
| Fundamental Position | is the natural position of the body. Arms are to the sides of the body. |
| Prone | Face down position (on your belly) |
| Supine | Face up position (on your back) |
| Anterior v. Posterior | anterior is towards the front. Posterior is to the back |
| Superior v. Inferior | superior is above and inferior is below |
| medial v. lateral | medial is towards the midline lateral is away from the midline |
| Dorsal v. Ventral | Used when in prone position. Dorsal refers to the back, and ventral refers to the abdomen. |
| Proximal v. Distal | proximal is nearer to the point of origin and distal is farther from point of origin (ex. hands are distal to the elbow) |
| Palmar and Plantar | both refer to volar aspects of hands and feet. Palmar refers to the palms of the hands and plantar refers to the soles of the feet. |
| Ulnar and Radial | ulnar is closer to the ulna so in anatomical position it's medial and Radial is closer to the radius in anatomical position it's lateral |
| Tibial and fibular | tibial is closer to the tibia or medial and Fibular is closer to the fibula or lateral |
| Cephalic | above in relation to another structure. Towards the head |
| Caudal | below in relation to another structure. Towards the tail |
| Volar | relating to the palm of hand or sole of foot |
| Dorsum | superior surface of anterior projecting structure (the top of the foot) |
| Ipsilateral | pertaining to the same side |
| Contralateral | pertaining to opposite sides |
| Unilateral | only on one side |
| Bilateral | pertaining to both sides |
| superficial v. deep | superficial is closer to the surface and deep is deeper below the surface |
| Reference Segment | the Distal segment in relation to the joint where the "problem" is occurring |
| Reference Curve | The convex side of the curve in relation to the concave side or normal position. ( 'C' has a left curve, 'S' has a superior left curve and an inferior right curve) |
| Cubitus | elbow |
| Genu | Knee |
| Coxa | Hip |
| Pes | foot |
| Pollux | thumb |
| Hallux | Big toe |
| Talipes | congenital club foot problem (seen in new borns) |
| Equino/ Equinus | Extreme plantar flexion sometimes limited dorsiflexion |
| Calcaneo | Extreme dorsiflexion sometimes limited plantar flexion |
| Recurvatum | Backwards or reverse curve (happens in hyperextension) |
| Varum/Varus/Vara | (Condition)/(relative position)/ Vara means distal segment is pointing medially or inwards |
| Valgum/Valgus/ Valga | (condition)/ (relative position)/ Valga means distal segment is pointing laterally or outwards |
| Plana | Flat |
| Cavus | cave-like |
| Acquired | A condition not present at birth |
| Congenital | a condition present at birth |
| Etiology | known cause of or the cause of (ex. The etiology of this case is simple) |
| idiopathic | means the cause is unknown (ex. Her condition is idiopathic.) |
| Contracture | the abnormal and relatively permanent shortening of a tissue or muscle (plasticity) |
| Elongation | relatively permanent lengthening of a tissue/muscle |
| Hypertrophy | increased growth |
| Atrophy | without growth or diminished growth |
| Skeletal system: 4 components | Bones, Cartilage, Tendons, and ligaments |
| Articular system: Components | Joints, Cartilage, Tendons and ligaments |
| Skeletal System: Functions | 1. Framework of the body 2. Support & Protection 3. Storage for minerals 4. Hematopoiesis (red blood cell production) 5. Levers for movement |
| Axial v. Appendicular skeleton | Axial is the skull, ribs, spine and sacrum, and appendicular is everything else on the extremities |
| What is a Long bone and its function? | Well it's a long bone like the humerus or femor. Serve as levers for movement |
| What is a Short bone and its function? | Short bones are small stubby bones like the Talus or Capitate. They work as articulation points and shock absorbers. |
| What is a plat bone and its function? | Flat bones like the sternum or the scapulae serve as protection |
| What is a sesamoid bone and its function? | Sesamoid bones like the patella help reduce friction and increase mobility |
| What three basic materials make up Connective tissue? | 1) Fibrous protein 2) Ground Substance 3) Cells |
| Collagen | Fibers that provides tensile strength or the ability to withstand tension from being pulled apart. |
| Elastin | Fibers that provide elasticity and extensibility |
| What is the difference between T1 and T2 collagen Fibers? |
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