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What type of dose-response relationship is characterized by an early response to a high-dose exposure?
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What type of dose-response relationship is characterized by a late-response to a low-dose relationship?
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ARRT Review
Radiation Safety Part 1 - Biological Aspects of Radiation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of dose-response relationship is characterized by an early response to a high-dose exposure? | Deterministic or non-stochastic |
| What type of dose-response relationship is characterized by a late-response to a low-dose relationship? | Stochastic or probabilistic |
| What is described as a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue? | LET (linear energy transfer |
| What are two examples of radiation-induced conditions that follow a linear nonthreshold dose-response relationship? | Genetic effects, radiation -induced cancer,, leukemia |
| Skin effects that result from fluoroscopic exposure follow what type of dose-response relationship? | Non linear(Sigmoid), threshold dose response curve |
| What type of effects are described as "those biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that exhibit a threshold dose below which the effect doses not normally occur and above which the severity of the biologic damage increases?? | Nonstochastic (deterministic) effects |
| What is the cellular component having the greatest radiobiological significance? | DNA |
| What effect does the presence of oxygen have on radiosensitivity? | Oxygen Increases Radiosensitivity |
| Which of the following ionizing radiations has the highest LET? Alpha, Beta, Gamma, X-ray | Alpha |
| What term is used to describe the human sequence of events following high-level radiation exposure, and leading to death in a short time? | Acute Radiation Syndrome |
| List three major types of acute radiation syndrome. | Hematological (Hematopoietic), Gastrointestinal, and CNS |
| Which of the three types of ARS requires the least amount of ionizing radiation dose to occur? | Hematological (Hematopoietic) |
| What are the radiation weighing factors of x-ray, gamma and Alpha? | 1, 1, 20 |
| Describe the energy and LET of occupational radiation. | Low energy and low LET |
| Give two examples of common local tissues that can be affected by ionization radiation | Skin, lens of eye |
| Erythema can be an effect of excessive ionizing radiation exposure to what body part? | Skin |
| List the following in order of decreasing radiosensitivity: skin, lungs, gonads, liver | Gonads, lungs, liver, skin |
| Radiation -induced biologic damage organisms is termed ____ effects | Somatic |
| Nonstochastic effects may also be referred to as _____ effects | Deterministic |
| NCRP limit for Occupational Dose for Lens of eye | 150 msv |
| NCRP limit for Occupational Dose for Gonads - Somatic effects | 50 msv |
| NCRP limit for Occupational Dose for Thyroid (Deterministic effects) | 500 msv |
| NCRP limit for Occupational Dose for Embryo/Fetus monthly | .5 msv |
| NCRP limit for Occupational Dose for Embryo/Fetus Gestation | 5 msv |
| NCRP limit for Public dose of lens of eye (Deterministic) | 15 msv |
| NCRP limit for Public dose for infrequent exposures - Somatic effects | 5 msv |
| NCRP limit for Public Dose for frequent exposures - Somatic effects | 1 msv |
| NCRP limit for Occupational Dose for Deterministic effects - hands, feet, arms | 500 msv |
| NCRP limit for Public Dose for Deterministic effects - hands, feet, arms | 50 msv |
| Somatic effects that occur within minutes, hours, days, or weeks after the initial irradiation are termed ____ | early, short term effects |
| What is the minimum radiation dose required in order for ARS to occur? | 1 gy |
| The latent period in the ARS decreases as radiation exposure ______________ | increases |
| How does oxygenation affect cell/tissue radiosensitivity? | The presence of oxygen increases cell/tissue radiosensitivty |
| What is LD 50/30 for adult humans? | 3 to 4 gy |
| A dose of 2 gy to the skin can cause a radiation induced reddening termed _____ | erythema |
| Ionizing radiation induced hair loss is termed _______ | epilation or alopecia |
| What is the name of the particularly radiosensitive sex cell? | Spermatogonia |
| What is the target organ believed responsible for radiation induced leukemia? | Bone marrow |
| What radiation exposure dose to the ovaries will result in temporary infertility? | 2 gy |
| In which portion of the pregnancy is the embryo/fetus most radiosensitive? | 1st trimester |
| What is defined as " the estimated dose to the gonads that , if received by the total population gene pool, would produce the total genetic effect on the population as the sum of the individual doses actually received"? | GSD - Genetic Significant Dose |
| What are the three guidelines for determining when the gonads should be sheilded? | When gonads are within 5cm of collimated primary beam, when patient is of reproducible age, and when clinical exam allows |
| What three parts of the body should be shielded from the useful beam whenever possible? | the lens of the eye, the breasts, and gonads |
| 1 mm lead flat shield is used to shield female gonads and can reduce dose by ______ % | 50 |
| 1 mm lead flat shield is used to shield male gonads and can reduce dose by ______ % | 90-95 |
| List 4 types of late effects of ionizing radiation exposure | Carcinogenesis, Cataractogenesis, embryological effects, and lifespan shortening |
| What skin layer is the most sensitive? | Basal cell |
| What are the two most common interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells? | Compton and photoelectric |
| Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells occurs with high energy photons?` | Compton |
| Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells most likely occur with high atomic number?` | Photoelectric |
| Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells results in total absorption of the incident photon?` | Photoelectric |
| Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells is a major contributor to patient dose? | Photoelectric |
| Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells predominates in the diagnostic x-ray range? | Compton |
| Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells is responsible for scattered radiation fog? | Compton |
| Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells poses a radiation hazard to personnel? | Compton |
| Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves an outer shell electron and only partial transfer of energy? | Compton |
| Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves a low energy incident photon? | Photoelectric |
| Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter is most damaging to the diagnostic image? | Compton |
| Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves the greatest patient dose? | Photoelectric |
| Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter occurs the least often and is the only interaction that does not cause ionization? | Coherent |
| Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves a recoil electron? | Compton |
| Which interaction between x-ray photons and matters most likely is to occur in a high density tissues like bone? | Photoelectric |
| Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter is the most potential radiation hazard to personnel? | Compton |
| Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter produces a characteristic ray? | Photoelectric |
| Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter is most likely to produce short-scale contrast? | Photoelectric |
| What component of personal dosimeters functions to evaluate radiation quality? | Filters (Aluminum, Copper, Tin) |
| Which of the following three types of dosimeters is the most sensitive? TLD, or OSL? | OSL |
| What are the two weighing factors that are used to determine the Sievert? | WT (tissue) and WR (Radiation type) |
| Are radiation induced cataracts considered early or late effects? | late |
| What would an early effect(s) be considered from the following: leukopenia, nausea, or leukemia | leukopenia (decreased white blood cells), nausea |
Created by:
rcberger06
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