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Pharmacology

Normal Lab Findings + Medications

TermDefinition
Glucose 70-110 (fasting)
BUN 8-21 mg/dL
Creatinine 0.5-1.2 mg/dL
Serum Osmolarity 275-295
Total WBC 4500-11100
Neutrophils Total: 59% 2700-6500 Bands: 3% 100-300 Segmented: 56% 2500-6200
Eosinophils 11yr+ Absolute = 0.05-0.5 percentage = 0-5.5%
RBC 4.5-5.3 (men) 4.1-5.1 (women)
Hemoglobin 13-17 (men) 12-16 (women)
Hematocrit 37-51% (men) 33-46% (women)
Platelets 150,000-450,000
PTT 22.1-34.1 seconds (aPTT) 60-90 seconds (PTT)
PT / INR PT: 11.2-13.2 seconds (+/- 2) INR: 1-1.4
Albumin 20-40 yr: 3.7-5.1 41-60 yr: 3.4-4.8 61-90 yr: 3.2-4.6 90+ yr: 2.9-4.5
Total Cholesterol Desirable: less than 200 mg/dL Borderline: 200-239 mg/dL HIGH: >240 mg/dL
HDL-C (high density lipoprotein-calculated) Recommended: Men > 40 mg/dL Women >50 mg/dL Low CAD Risk: >60 mg/dL High CAD Risk: <40 mg/dL
Triglycerides (TGs) Normal: <150 mg/dL Borderline High: 150-199 mg/dL High: 200-499 mg/dL Very High: >500 mg/dL
LDL-C (low density lipoprotein calculated) optimal: <100 mg/dL
Urine Specific Gravity 1.001-1.029
Leukocyte Esterase Negative
Urine pH 5-9
Treat isotonic volume contraction with isotonic (0.9%) sodium chloride OR 0.9% NaCl
Treat hypertonic volume contraction with hypotonic (e.g. 0.45% NaCl)
Treat hypotonic volume contraction with hypertonic (e.g. 3% NaCl)
Treat volume expansion with diuretics
Treat respiratory or metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Treat respiratory alkalosis by having patients inhale 5% CO2 or rebreathe their expired air
Treat metabolic alkalosis with an infusion of sodium chloride plus potassium chloride. For severe cases, infuse 0.1% hydrochloric acid or ammonium chloride
Treat moderate hypokalemia with potassium chloride in sustained-release tablets
Treat severe hypokalemia with IV potassium chloride
To treat hyperkalemia, begin by withdrawing potassium-containing foods and drugs that promote potassium accumulation (e.g., potassium supplements, potassium-sparing diuretics) Subsequent measures include (1) infusing a calcium salt to offset the cardiac effects of potassium, (2) infusing glucose and insulin to promote potassium uptake by cells, and (3) infusing sodium bicarbonate if acidosis is present
Treat hypomagnesemia with IM or IV magnesium sulfate For prophylaxis, give oral magnesium (e.g., magnesium oxide)
Diabetes is characterized by sustained hyperglycemia
Initial metabolic changes involve glucose and other carbohydrate. If the disease progresses, metabolism of fats and proteins changes as well
Diabetes has two major forms: type I and type II
Symptoms of type I result from a complete absence of insulin the underlying cause is autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Early in the disease process, symptoms of type II diabetes result mainly from cellular resistance to insulin's actions, not from insulin deficiency HOWEVER, later in the disease process, insulin deficiency develops
Type I and type II diabetes share the same long-term complications of: heart disease stroke blindness renal failure neuropathy lower limb amputations erectile dysfunction gastroparesis
Diabetes is diagnosed if (1) hemoglobin A1C is 6.5% or higher (2) fasting plasma glucose is 126 mg/dL or higher, (3) an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results in a blood glucose of 200 mg/dL or higher; or the patient presents with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia
With both type I and type II diabetes, the goal of treatment is to manage symptoms of hyperglycemia and reduce long-term complications including death
type I diabetes is treated primarily with insulin replacement
type II diabetes is treated with oral antidiabetic drugs (e.g., metformin) or, if needed, with insulin or non-insulin injectable drugs--but always in conjunction with diet modification and exercise
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