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Definitions
Chpt1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pharmacology | the study of drugs (chemicals) that alter the functions of living organisms. Includes hx, sources, physical & chemical properties & effects on living systems. |
| Drug | any chemical substance that influences living systems. Is a chemical that alters basic physiochemical processes in body cells. Can stimulate or inhibit normal cellular functions. |
| Drug therapy | the use of drugs to prevent, diagnose or cure disease processes or to relieve S&S without curing the underlying disease. |
| Medication | term used for a drug given for therapeutic purposes. |
| Local effects | act mainly at site of application. |
| Systemic effects | circulated through blood stream and act on various tissues or organs in the body. |
| Prototype | individual drug that represent groups of drugs. Standard used to compare new drug to or similar drugs to. |
| Drug classification | way to group similar drugs or a group of drugs with common characteristics or uses. |
| Therapeutic classification | defines the type of drug according to its use in treating a disease or disorder. Ex- analgesic, anti-inflammatory, etc. |
| Pharmacologic or chemical classification | defines the type of drug according to its pharmacologic family. Ex- salicylate, penicillin, etc. |
| Chemical name | identifies the exact chemical structure of the drug according to molecular structure or placement of atoms. Used during early stage of dev before generic name assigned. Not capitalized. Ex: |
| Generic name | is related to the chemical or official name & is independent of the manufacturer. Can be used by any manufacturer in any country. Often indicates the drug group (“cillin” is penicillin group). Written in lower case letters. Ex: aspirin. |
| Trade or brand name | designated & patented by manufacturer. Amoxil or Polymox for amoxicillin. Can only be used by that manufacturer & is followed by registered trademark sign ®. Trade names are capitalized. Ex: Bayer Aspirin ®. |
| Bioeqivalent | having same biological effect of that to which a drug is compared. Can be used interchangeably |
| Prescription drugs | drugs that must be ordered by physician & dispensed by pharmacist. Habit-forming drugs or drugs not safe for use except under supervision of licensed practitioner. |
| Nonprescription or over-the-counter (OTC) drugs | drugs that are considered safe to use without supervision of licensed practitioner and are not considered habit-forming. |
| Controlled substances | narcotics & other drugs which have high potential for abuse & are regulated under the Controlled Substance Act |
| Pharmacotherapeutics | branch of pharmacology that deals with drugs or chemicals used in medicine for the tx, prevention & diagnosis of disease. Also called clinical pharmacology. |
| Pharmacokinetics | the study of movement of drugs in the body. Includes processes of absorption, distribution, biotransformation (metabolism) & excretion of drugs. |
| Passive diffusion | involves movement of drug molecules from area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. |
| Facilitated diffusion | drug molecules combine with a carrier substance, such as an enzyme or other protein, to facilitate movement. |
| Active transport | drug molecules are moved from area of lower concentration into area of high concentration. Requires carrier substance and the release of cellular energy. |
| Absorption | process that occurs between the time a drug enters the body & the time it enters the blood stream. |
| Distribution | involves the transport of drug molecules within the body. |
| Metabolism | method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransformed by the body. |
| Excretion | refers to elimination of drug from body. |
| Serum half-life | also called elimination half-time, is time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%. |
| Pharmacodynamics | deals with interactions between chemical components of living tissues or systems & foreign chemicals. |
| Dose | is the amount of drug to be given at one time. |
| Dosage | refers to frequency, size & number of doses. Is major determinant of drug actions & responses, both therapeutic & adverse. |
| Toxic dose | dose of a drug having damaging or harmful effects or producing S&S of toxicity. |
| Lethal dose | dose of a drug which causes death. |
| Route of administration | method or way a drug is administered. Can be oral, ID, SQ, IM, IV, topical. Affects drug actions & responses mainly by influencing absorption & distribution. |
| Drug-diet interaction | food may alter the absorption of oral drug or substances in the food may react with the drug. In most cases, it slows absorption. |
| Drug-drug interaction | action of drug may be increased or decreased by interaction with another drug in the body. |
| Additive effects | occur when 2 drugs with similar pharmacologic actions are taken. |
| Additive effects Cont | Ex: alcohol + sedative = increased sedation. |
| Synergism | occurs when 2 drugs with different sites or mechanisms of action produce greater effects when taken together than either does when taken alone. |
| Synergism Cont | Ex: acetaminophen + codeine = increased analgesia. |
| Interference | by 1 drug with the metabolism or elimination of a 2nd drug . May result in intensified effects of 2nd drug. |
| Interference Cont | Ex: Tagamet (cimetidine) inhibits drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver & therefore interferes with metabolism of many drugs (bensodiazepine antianxiety & hypnotics, Ca channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, some antiarrhythmics, beta blockers, & antic |
| Displacement | of one drug from plasma protein-binding sites by a 2nd drug increases the effects of displaced drug. Occurs because displaced drug becomes pharmacologically active. |
| Displacement Cont | Ex: Aspirin + warfarin = increased anticoagulant effect. |
| Agonist | drugs that produce effects similar to those produced by naturally occurring hormones, neurotransmitters & other substances. May accelerate or slow normal cellular processes, depending on type of receptor activated. Ex: epinephrine-like drugs act on hea |
| Antagonist | drugs that inhibit cell function by occupying receptor sites. This prevents natural substances or other drugs from occupying receptor sites & activating cell function. Once drug action occurs, molecules may detach & be metabolized then excreted. |
| Pharmacogenetics | is concerned with genetically related variability in responses to drugs. |
| Pharmacoanthropology | is concerned with racial & ethnic differences in responses to drugs. |
| Adverse effects or side effects | undesirable secondary effects of a drug besides the desired the primary effects that drug is given for. |
| Therapeutic effects | having desired or good effect. Therapeutics is medical use of drugs to diagnose, prevent or treat disease. |
| Toxic effects | poisonous effects of a drug which cause harmful or damaging effects to body. |
| Hepatotoxicity | harmful or damaging effects to the liver. |
| Nephrotoxicity | harmful or damaging effects to the kidneys. |
| Ototoxicity | harmful or damaging effects to the ears. |
| Hypersensitivity or allergic reaction | allergies to drugs that occur when body has been previously exposed (&sensitized) to a particular drug & then is re-exposed to the same drug. Is always a contraindication for that drug. |
| Drug fever | fever assoc with admin of a drug. Usually because of allergic reaction but can cause by damaging tissues, increasing body heat or interfering with its dissipation, or acting on temp regulating center in brain. |
| Idiosyncrasy | refers to unexpected reaction to a drug that occurs the 1st time it is given. Usually attributed to genetic characteristics that alter person’s drug metabolizing enzymes. |
| Anaphylactic reaction | severe, life-threatening form of allergic reaction. Occurs immediately after drug is given. |
| Drug dependence | the need or strong desire to use a specific drug and not be able to do without it. May be physiological or psychological dependence. Withdrawal from the drug causes withdrawal symptoms. |
| Carcinogenicity | ability of a substance (drug) to cause cancer. Usually results from drug-induced alterations in cellular DNA. |
| Teratogenicity | ability of a substance (drug) to cause abnormal fetal dev when given to pregnant women. |
| Tolerance | occurs when body becomes accustomed to a particular drug over time so that lger doses must be given to produce the same effects. |
| Cross-tolerance | occurs when body becomes accustomed to pharmacologically related drugs such as alcohol. Require lger doses of drugs. |
| Metabolite | byproduct produced when a drug is metabolized or broken down. Can be active or inactive. |
| Drug action | physiological effect of drug on body cells. How the drug works to produce the desired effect or results. |
| Onset of action | length of time it takes drug to begin to act in the body. |
| Peak of action | length of time it takes a drug to achieve its maximum action in the body. |
| Duration of action | total length of time drug acts in the body. |
| Therapeutic blood level | serum level of drug that when reached ensures that the drug performs at peak activity. Some drugs have recommended serum levels. |
| Peak blood level | highest blood level of drug. |
| Trough blood level | lowest blood level of drug. |
| Toxic blood level | serum level of drug that is above the recommended therapeutic level that usually results in toxicity symptoms. |
| Indication(s) | recommended use or uses for a drug. |
| Contraindications | conditions that make admin of drug undesirable or improper. |
| Precautions | special conditions of pt, drug or environment that increase risk for problems with drug & must be considered for safe use of the drug. |
| Incompatibility | inability to be mixed without causing harmful or life-threatening reaction in the body. |
| Loading dose | lg initial dose or doses of a drug given to rapidly reach therapeutic levels |
| Maintenance dose | sm cont dose of a drug that maintains therapeutic levels. |
| Cumulative effects | action of doses of drugs that are not eliminated effectively & accumulate in system. Get increased effects of the drug. Can produce symptoms of toxicity. |
| 5 Types of medication orders | STAT=immediately and once only, Single=“one time only”, Standing=may be carried out indefinitely; may or may not have a termination date PRN=“as needed”, Verbal=a spoken order – nurse taking the order is responsible for writing the order |
| STAT | immediately and once only, |
| Single | “one time only”, |
| Standing | may be carried out indefinitely; may or may not have a termination date |
| PRN | “as needed” |
| Verbal | a spoken order – nurse taking the order is responsible for writing the order |
| List the six rights of medication administration | A.Right drug B.Right dose C.Right clientD.Right route E.Right time F.Right documentation |
| List the seven essential parts of a drugs order | a.Full name of patient b.Date & time the order is written c.Name of the drug to be administered d.Dosage of drug e.Route of administration f.Frequency of administrationg. g.Signature of person writing the order |
| 1 kg | 2.2lb |
| 1 L | 1000ml |
| 1000 g | 1kg |
| 1000 mcg | 1mg |
| 1 g | 1000mg |
| 1000 mg | 15gr |
| 1 ml | 1cc |
| 1 tsp | 5ml |
| 1 fluid dram | 5ml |
| 1 tbsp | 15ml |
| 1 ounce | 30ml |
| 1 ml | 15 or 16minims |
| gr i | 60-67mg |
| gr 1/150 | 0.4mg |
| 0.5 L | 500ml |
| 30 mL | 30cc |
| 1 kg | 1000g |
| 1 pint | 500mL |
| 1 cup | 250mL or 8oz |
| 1 tsp | 60-75gtts |
| m | "minim" |
| prn | "when necessary" |
| stat | "immediately" |
| "x" | "times" |
| OD | left eye |
| OU | bothe eyes |
| OS | right eye |
| "gr" | "grain" |
| Antimicrobial or anti-infective | drugs used to prevent or treat infections caused by pathogenic (disease-producing) microorganisms. Include antibacterial, antiviral & antifungal drugs. |
| Antibacterial or antibiotic | usually refer only to drugs used in bacterial infections. |
| Antiviral | drugs used to treat viral infections. |
| Antifungal | drugs used to treat fungal infections. |
| Antiparasitic | drugs used to treat parasite infections or infestations. |
| Broad spectrum | antibacterial drugs that are effective against several groups of microorganisms. |
| Narrow spectrum | antibacterial drugs which are effective against only a few groups of microorganisms. |
| Bactericidal | action of an antibacterial drug in that it kills microorganisms. |
| Bacteriostatic | action of an antibacterial drug in that it inhibits growth of the microorganism. |
| Superinfection | a new or secondary infection that occurs during antimicrobial therapy of a primary infection. |
| Antibiotic combination therapy | use 2 or more drugs in combination to treat infections known or thought to be caused by multiple microorganisms, to get a synergistic effect to prevent emergence of drug-resistant organisms or to treat clients whose immune system is suppressed or client w |
| amoxicillin | Amoxil |
| cefaclor | Ceclor |
| gentamicin | Garamycin |
| ciprofloxacin | Cipro |
| doxycycline | Vibramycin |
| trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | Bactrim |
| nitrofurantoin | Macrodantin |
| azithromycin | Zithromax |
| clindamycin | Cleocin |
| metronidazole | Flagyl |
| rifampin | Rifadin |
| acyclovir | Zovirax |
| miconazole | Monistat |
| permethrin | Nix |
| Capsules | small cylindrical gelatin containers that hold dry or liquid agents. |
| Timed-release capsules | capsules that provide a gradual but continuous dissolve different rates. release of a drug because the granules within |
| Lozenges | Flat disk containing a medicinal agent in a flavored base. Not to be chewed. |
| Tablets | Dried powdered drugs that have been compressed into small disks. |
| Scored tablets | tablets that have an indentation which allows them to be broken apart accurately. |
| Elixirs | clear liquids made up of drugs dissolved in alcohol or water. |
| Suspensions | liquid dose forms that contain solid, insoluble drug particles dispersed in a liquid base. Should be shaken before administering. |
| Enteric coated tablets | tablet with a special coating that resists dissolution |
| Syrups | medication dissolved in a concentrated sugar solution. |
| Souffle cup | small plastic or paper cup used to transport medication to the client room. |
| Medicine dropper | used to administer eye/ear drops or pediatric meds. |
| Meniscus | crescent shaped upper surface of a column of liquid. |
| Ampules | clear or brown glass container usually designed to hold a single dose of med. |
| Needle gauge | refers to lumen size or size of opening. |
| Diluent | liquid such as sterile water or normal saline which is added to a powder or crystal form of med to reconstitute the med for injection. |
| Reconstitution | adding of a liquid to a powder or crystal form of a med in order to make injectable form of the med. |
| Needleless systems | equipment used to give injectable meds which is designed to prevent needle stick injuries.Have retractable needle or sheath that covers needle. |
| Aspirate | to pull back on the plunger of a syringe to check for blood. |
| Sliding scale for insulin | predetermined scale for administering insulin based on client’s BS levels at specified times. |
| Parenteral | refers to any route of administration other than GI (enteral). |
| Subcutaneous route | administration of a drug into the subcutaneous or fatty layer of tissue. |
| Intramuscular route | administration of a drug into a muscle. |
| Intradermal route | administration of a drug into the dermal layer of the skin just beneath the epidermis. |
| Single dose vials | glass or plastic bottles with sealed rubber cap that contain only a single dose of med & usually contain no preservative. |
| Multiple dose vials | glass or plastic bottles with sealed rubber cap that contain a preservative & contain more than 1 dose of a med. |
| isoproterenol | Isuprel |
| metaproterenol | Alupent |
| terbutaline | Brethine |
| Primary tubing | tubing that is used to deliver intravenous fluids |
| Secondary tubing | shorter tubing that is utilized to deliver secondary or IVPB fluids |
| Piggyback (IVPB) | smaller amounts of fluids and/or medications. Ususally 50 to 250 ml’s or cc’s. |
| Heparin lock | Device that is used to gain intravenous access without the use of an existing IV line. |
| IV pump | controlled apparatus that delivers a set amount of fluids per minute/hour |
| IV push | directly injecting medication into an IV line manually |
| prochlorperazine | Compazine |
| dimenhydrinate | Dramamine |
| droperidol | Inapsine |
| loperamide | Imodium |
| cetirizine | Zyterc |
| procainamide | Pronestyl |
| metaproterenol | Alupent |
| lidocaine | Xylocaine |
| triamcinolone | Azmacort |
| amiodarone | Cordarone |
| oxymetazoline | Afrin |
| diltiazem | Cardiazem |
| cimetadine | Tagamet |
| verapamil | Calan |
| psyllium preparations | Metamucil |
| benazepril | Lotensin |
| bisacodyl | Dulcolax |
| losartan | Cozaar |
| hydralazine | Apresoline |
| carvedilol | Coreg |
| metoprolol | Lopressor |
| chlorothiazide | Diuril |
| torsemide | Demadex |
| methyldopa | Aldomet |
| clemastine | Tavist |
| Increases serum osmolarity | Hypertonic |
| Decreases serum osmolarity | Hypotonic |
| Same osmolarity as body fluids | Isotonic |
| Expands intravascular compartment | Isotonic and Hypertonic |
| Hydrates intracellular and interstitial compartment | Hypotonic |
| Does not affect the intracellular and interstitial compartment | Isotinc |
| Used in hypovolemia | Isotonic |
| Shifts fluid out of the intravascular compartment | Hypotonic |
| Dehydrates the intracellular and interstitial compartment | Hypertonic |
| Lactated Ringers | Isotonic |
| Normal saline | Isotonic |
| 0.45% Normal Saline | Hypotonic |
| D5W in Normal Saline | Hypertonic |
| Direct-acting cholinergic drugs cause | a. Decrease heart rateb. Increase contractility of GI smooth musclec.Relaxation of sphinctersd.Increased contractility of smooth muscle of bladdere.Increased contractility of bronchial smooth musclef.Increased respiratory secretionsg.Constrict |
| The effects that anticholinergic drugs have on the body include | a. CNS stimulation – then depressionb.Increased heart rate c. Bronchdilation d. Antispasmotic effects of GIe. Decreased respiratory secretionsf. Dilates pupils g. Relaxes ureters and bladder |
| Insulin Increases or Decreases | a. Insulin increases storage of glycogen and fatty acidsb. Insulin decreases breakdown of glucosec. Insulin decreases protein breakdownd. Insulin increases protein & glycogen synthesise. Insulin decreases breakdown of fatsf. Insulin decreas |
Created by:
mbeal
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