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PS Chapter 16: Atom
PS Chapter 16: The Atom Coach Leach
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| law of definite proportions | The masses of chemical substances combine in definite, characteristic integer ratios when forming compounds; as stated by French chemist Joseph Proust. |
| core-envelope model | An atomic model developed by John Dalton, wo suggested that each element has its own kind of indivisible atom and that atomic mass differences are due mainly to the varying thickness of their caloric theory "heat envelopes." |
| plum pudding model | An atomic model developed by J.J. Thomson that views an atom as a sphere. |
| nuclear model | An atomic model developed by Ernest Rutherford, who theorized every atom has an extremely tiny, positively charged nucleus at its center, where most of the atom's mass is concentrated, and that the empty space around this nucleus contains the electrons. |
| planetary model | An atomic model resembling a solar system, developed by Niels Bohr show suggested that electrons orbit at specific distances from the nucleus, according to their energies. |
| quantum model | The current atomic model developed during the twentieth century with the establishment of quantum mechanics; where tiny, dense atomic nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electrons occupying three-dimensional orbitals organized by energy levels. |
| nucleon | A proton or neutron bound in the nucleus of an atom. |
| atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the element identity of the atom. |
| isotope | Any atom of an element that has a different number of neutrons compared to other atoms of the same element. |
| mass number | A whole number representing the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. |
| atomic mass | The mass of an atom or an element expressed in atomic mass units. |
| energy level | A three-dimensional region within an atom occupied by groups of electrons with similar energies. |
| valence electrons | An electron in the highest or outermost energy level of a neutral atom. |
| nuclear chemistry | The study of changes that occur in atomic nuclei. |
| alpha particle | A high mass positive particle emitted during nuclear decay consisting of two protons and two neutrons; and is a completely ionized helium nucleus. |
| beta particle | An electron that is emitted during a nuclear decay when a neutron changes into a proton. |
| gamma decay | A form of nuclear decay resulting in the emission of a high-energy photon. |
| alpha decay | A nuclear decay resulting in the emission of an alpha particle. |
| beta decay | A nuclear decay resulting in the emission of a beta particle. |
| nuclear fission | The splitting of a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei and several free neutrons; occurs most commonly in nuclear power reactors. |
| nuclear fusion | The violent fusing of two small nuclei together to form a larger one under extremely energetic conditions. |
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