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CHAPTER 6- MUSCLES
anatomy/ physiology muscle flashcards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| contractility | skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| excitability | skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| extensibility | ability to be stretched |
| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original length |
| epimysium | each skeletal muscle is surrounded by this |
| fascia | located outside the epimysium |
| fascicle | muscles are composed of bundles of this |
| perimysium | surrounds the fascicle |
| muscle cells are called: | muscle fibers |
| endomysium | each muscle cell (fiber) is surrounded by this |
| myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of a muscle fiber to the other |
| actin | thin myofilaments |
| myosin | thick myofilaments |
| sarcomeres | joined to form 1 myofibril (from 1 z-line to the next z-line) |
| i-band | on each side of the z-line, consists of actin |
| a-band | dark central region in each sarcomere, extends length of myosin |
| h-zone | in the center of each sarcomere, consists of only myosin |
| m-Line | myosin myofilaments in the center of the sarcomere |
| resting membrane potential | outside of the cell is positively charged and the inside is negatively charged |
| action potential | reversal of the charge |
| motor nuerons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| nueromuscular junction | each axon branch that connects to the muscle |
| synapse | nueromuscular junction |
| motor unit | single motor nueron and skeletal muscle fibers |
| presynaptic terminal | the enlarged nerve terminal |
| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber in the synaptic cleft |
| synaptic vesciles | secretes a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine |
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter, diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal |
| acetylcholinesterase | enzyme that relaxes the muscle and reverses contraction |
| muscle contraction | actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another and causes the sarcomeres to shorten |
| sliding filament mechanism | the act of the actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments sliding past each other |
| muscle twitch | a contraction of the entire muscle in response to a stimulus |
| threshold | the point muscle fiber will contract maximally |
| all-or-none response | the phenomenon of threshold |
| lag phase | the time between stimulus to contraction |
| contraction phase | time of contraction |
| relaxation phase | time during the muscle relaxes |
| tetany | the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) needed for contraction |
| where is ATP produced? | mitochondria |
| ADP | (adenosine diphosphate) ATP degenerates to this |
| creatine phosphate | when muscle cells can't stock ATP, they store this |
| anaerobic respiration | no oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions |
| muscle fatigue | when ATP is used during contraction, makes us tired |
| isometric | equal distance, length does not change |
| isotonic | equal tension, constant contractions |
| muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles |
| fast- twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| slow- twitch fibers | contract more slowly and more resistant to fatigue |
| origin | stationary end of the muscle |
| insertion | end of muscle undergoing greatest movement |
| belly | portion of muscle between the origin and insertion |
| synergists | muscles used to accomplish specific movements |
| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition |
| prime mover | muscle that completes the movement |
| facial muscles | muscle of the face |
| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids |
| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| buccinator | flattens the cheeks |
| zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| levator labii superioris | sneering (mad) |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, massester |
| neck muscle | sternocleidomastoid |
| platysma | sheetlike muscle that covers the neck |
| intrinsic tongue muscle | changes shape of tongue |
| extrinsic tongue muscle | moves the tongue |
| erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back |
| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| intercostals | breathing muscles |
| diaphragm | aids in breathing |
| linae alba | area of the abdominal wall |
| trapezius | rotates scapula |
| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm |
| deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle |
| triceps brachii | extends the forearm |
| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm |
| brachialis | flexes forearm |
| brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| extensor digitorium | extends the fingers |
| gluteus maximus | the butt |
| quadriceps | extends the leg, anterior thigh muscle |
| sartorius | flexes the thigh |
| hamstring | posterior thigh muscles |
| gastrocnemius and soleus | forms the calf muscle |
| achilles tendon | flexes the foot and toes |
| peroneus | lateral muscle of the leg |
| intrinsic foot | moves the toes |
Created by:
alexisfarley
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