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Rad Bio chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the fundamental structure of the human body | cell |
| what is the cells function determined by? | DNA |
| What do cells need? | food, oxygen, & water |
| what can a cell do? | move, grow, react, protect themselves, repair damage, regulate life processes, reproduce |
| ability to operate normally | homeostasis |
| what can disrupt homeostasis? | ionizing radiation |
| group of cells that perform the same basic activities | tissues |
| group of tissues that all work together to perform a specialized function | organs |
| group of organs that work together to perform a function (respiratory, GI, endocrine) | system |
| chemical binding material for all living things | protoplasm |
| synthesizing; build substances out of other substances | metabolism |
| **carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (may include phosphorus, sulfur, & nitrogen) | organic |
| water & mineral salts (electrolytes) | inorganic |
| proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids | organic compounds (macromolecules) |
| functions of water | medium to dissolve, transport vehicle, solvent, lubricator, protection of organs, temperature buffer |
| how much of protoplasm is made up of water? | 80%-85% |
| movement of water across a cell membrane (semi-permeable) | osmosis |
| why does osmosis occur? | because of the pressure outside & inside the cell (aka osmotic pressure) |
| the concentration of mineral salts is greater on the outside of the cell than on the inside | hypertonic |
| what happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution? | cell will shrink |
| the concentration of mineral salts is greater on the inside of the cell than on the outside | hypotonic |
| what happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution? | cell swells & may rupture |
| concentration of mineral salts is the same on the inside & on the outside of the cell | isotonic |
| what are the building blocks of the cell? | protein |
| what percent of protein makes up a cell? | 15% |
| proteins that initiate chemical reactions in the body | enzyme |
| what are enzymes also known as? | catalysts |
| what are proteins formed from? | amino acids (nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen) |
| how many proteins are found in nature? | 500 |
| how many proteins are found in the human body? | 22 |
| what determines the function of a protein? | how they are arranged; & arrangement is determined by genes/DNA |
| what are proteins responsible for? | growth, build & repair tissue, structure, repair enzymes, hormones, antibodies |
| aka foreign substances | antigens |
| what percent of carbs makes up a cell? | 1% |
| T/F carbs provide most of the energy for a cell | TRUE |
| examples of carbs | sugars, starches, monosaccharides, polysaccharides |
| example of monosaccharides | glucose (primary source of energy for the cell |
| example of polysaccharide | glycogen (storage form of glucose) |
| what are carbs responsible for? | short term energy & provide fuel for cell metabolism |
| what percent of lipids (fats) make up a cell? | 2% |
| T/F lipids are the structural part of the cell membrane & are present in all body tissues | True |
| what are lipids responsible for? | insulation, long term energy, assistance in digestion, support & protect organs, lubricate joints |
| what can lipids not dissolve in? | water (insoluble) |
| what are nucleic acids the blueprint for? | reproduction & protein synthesis |
| what are the 2 types of nucleic acid? | DNA & RNA |
| what percent of nucleic acids make up the cell? | 1% |
| what are macromolecules made up of? | nucleotides |
| what are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA? | adenine, guanine, thymine, & cytosine |
| what are considered purines? | adenine & guanine |
| what are considered pyrimidines? | cytosine & thymine |
| what are the 4 nitrogenous bases of RNA? | adenine, guanine, uracil, & cytosine |
| delivers genetic code to transfer RNA | messenger RNA |
| involved in individual amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis | transfer RNA |
| exists in ribosomes & thought to assist in proteins synthesis by linking mRNA to ribosomes temporarily | Ribosomal RNA |
| like a plastic bag around the cell; semipermeable mostly made of lipids and proteins | cell membrane |
| cell must give up energy | active transport |
| watery environment inside of the cell membrane | cytoplasm |
| cell breaks down organic molecules to produce energy that the cell needs to function | catabolism |
| highway of the cell; transports molecules from one part of the cell to another, involved with communication with the extracellular environment | endoplasmic reticulum |
| contains a lot of ribosomes (protein production) | Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| fewer ribosomes (protein production for its own use) | smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| moves things inside and outside of the cell; extends from nucleus to cell membrane | golgi apparatus |
| powerhouse of the cell | mitochondria |
| digestion of unwanted molecules | lysosomes |
| attach to endoplasmic reticulum; protein factory | ribosome |
| contains centrioles; form mitotic spindle during cell division | centrosomes |
| information processing & administrative center of the cell | nucleus |
| occurs through mitosis and meiosis | cell division |
| replication/duplication of DNA and dividing so that each daughter cell still contains original 46 cells | Mitosis |
| 4 stages of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| nucleus enlarges & DNA coils up into chromatid | prophase |
| mitotic spindle forms & chromosomes can be visualized & evaluated for any kind of damage under a microscope | metaphase |
| when the sister chromatids break apart and migrate in opposite directions | anaphase |
| chromatids uncoiled and become long strands & cytoplasm forms | telophase |
| the end product is for grand daughter cell (only contain half the amount of original cells) | reduction division |
| phases of interphase | G1, S, G2 |
| pre-DNA synthesis phase | G1 |
| when DNA replication occurs (doubled/copied) | S |
| post DNA synthesis phase | G2 |
Created by:
gnteumac
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