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Key terms 8
Monsoon | Refers to the seasonal reversal of wind and moisture flows in certain parts of the subtropics and lower-middle latitudes. |
Indo-European languages | The major world language family that dominates the European geographic realm. |
Dravidian languages | The language family, indigenous to the South Asian realm, that dominates southern India today |
Partition | The subdivision of the British Indian Empire into India and Pakistan at the end of colonial rule on August 15, 1947 |
Forward capital (Brasília) | Capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory, usually near an international border; it confirms the state’s determination to maintain its presence in the area of contention. |
Population density | The number of people per unit area |
Physiologic density | The number of people per unit area of arable land. |
Demographic transition | Multi-stage model, based on western Europe’s experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization. |
Fertility rate | More precisely the Total Fertility Rate, it is the average number of children born to women of childbearing age in a given population. |
Population pyramid | Graphic representation or profile of a national population according to age and gender |
Sex ratio | A demographic indicator showing the ratio of males to females in a given population |
Communal tension | Persistent stress among a country’s sociocultural groups that can often erupt into communal violence, particularly in India. |
Hindutva | The cornerstone of a fundamentalist movement that has been gaining strength since the late twentieth century that seeks to remake India as a society dominated by Hindu principles. |
Caste system | The strict social stratification and residential segregation of people—specifically in India’s Hindu society—on the basis of ancestry and occupation. |
Outsourcing | obtain (goods or a service) from an outside or foreign supplier, especially in place of an internal source. |
Non-governmental organization | A legitimate organization that operates independently from any form of government and does not function as a for-profit business |
Micro-credit | Small loans extended to poverty-stricken borrowers who would not otherwise qualify for them |
Buffer state | A country or set of countries separating ideological or political adversaries |
Taliban | the Islamist militia group that emerged from madrassas in Pakistan and ruled neighboring Afghanistan between 1996 and 2001; it has been trying to regain control of that country in its continuing conflict with U.S.led NATO troops. |
Al-Qaeda | The terrorist organization that evolved into an expanding global network under the directorship of Usama bin Laden between the mid-1990s and his elimination by the U.S. in 2011. |
Rising sea level | One of the expected major impacts of global climate change on the world ocean resulting from the large-scale melting of Arctic and Antarctic ice. |
Drone warfare | The use of remote-controlled unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as delivery systems to conduct military attacks |