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Kin Respiratory Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the primary roles of the respiratory system? | 1. To deliver oxygen to our blood 2. To take carbon dioxide out of our blood |
| The term respiration has several meanings: | 1. Ventilation (breathing) 2. Gas Exchange (between air and blood in lungs) 3. Oxygen Utilization (by tissues for cellular respiration) |
| The Respiratory System includes: | 1. The Lungs (respiratory zone) 2. Tubes from outside the lungs (conduction zone) 3. Muscles (to move air in and out of lungs) |
| What are the two muscles that facilitate bringing air in and out of the lungs? | The diaphragm and intercostal muscles |
| When is expiration a passive process? | During rest |
| During exercise what muscle facilitates expiration? | Internal Intercostal Muscles |
| Where are the lungs located? | The Thoracic Cavity/Chest |
| Are the lungs asymmetrical or symmetrical? | Asymmetrical |
| Which lung is bigger? | The right lung |
| Why is one lung bigger than the other? | The right lung is bigger than the left because the left lung contains a cardiac notch which makes room for the heart in the thoracic cavity |
| How many lobes does the right lung have? | 3 |
| How many lobes does the left lung have? | 2 |
| How many segments does the left lungs lobes subdivide into? | 8 |
| How many segments does the right lungs lobes subdivide into? | 10 |
| What is each lobe served by? | A secondary bronchi |
| What is each segment served by? | A tertiary bronchi |
| What is the tube apart of the respiratory zone that is the smallest called? | Bronchioles |
| What are the functional zones the air passage ways are divided into? | 1. The Conduction Zone (no gas exchange) 2. The Respiratory Zone (gas exchange) |
| What is the conduction zone? | Passageways where air travels before it reaches the respiratory zone. Air is filtered, humidified and adjusted by temperature in the mouth or nose. Includes passageways such as the trachea, lobes, bronchi, and bronchioles. |
| What are the two parts of the respiratory unit? | 1. The alveolus (respiratory component) 2. The capillaries, arterioles and venules (cardiovascular component) |
| How many alveolus are there in the body? How large are their surface area together? | 300 million in body. Make up a surface area of 80 meters squared. |
| What is an alveoli? | A one cell thick part of the lungs where gas exchange occurs from the lungs to the blood. |
| What leaves the alveoli into the blood? | Oxygen |
| What enters the alveoli from the blood? | Carbon Dioxide |
| Why is gas exchange so efficient in the lungs? | Due to a rich supply of capillaries surrounding each alveoli |
| What are the mechanics of breathing? | Air comes in and out of the lungs due to a pressure gradient from the outside air to the air in the lungs. |
| How is a pressure gradient created from the outside air to the lungs? | To breath in the thoracic cavity expands with the help of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles lowering the pressure in the cavity creating a pressure difference between the outside air and inside air. |
| Is inspiration or expiration a passive process during rest? | Expiration |
| During exercise what do the internal intercostal muscles do? | They contract to help push carbon dioxide out faster |
| What is a minute ventilation (Ve)? What is it measured in? | The amount of oxygen taken in per minute. Measured in ml/min |
| What is the calculation for Ve? | Ve=TVxbreaths/min |
| How much can Ve increase during exercise? | 25 fold |
| What is anatomical dead space? | Air that gets caught in the conduction system before it reaches the respiratory system |
| Can anatomical dead space be used in gas exchange? | No |
| What factors effect gas exchange? | 1. Partial Pressure of Individual Gas 2. Hematocrit (# of RBC in body) 3. Size of Surface Area Involved in Gas Exhange 4. Length of Diffusion Pathway |
| What factors effect hemoglobin concentration (Hg)? | 1. PO2 2. Temperature of Blood 3. pH of Blood 4. Amount of Carbon Dioxide in Blood |
| What does the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve show? | It shows oxygen association and oxygen dissociation with hemoglobin at various PO2 |
| Where is hemoglobin found? | In red blood cells |
| What is the trend shown on the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve? | The higher the PO2 the higher saturation of hemoglobin, and higher the O2 content of hemoglobin |
| What is the relationship between the mixed venous (tissue) PO2 to Hb saturation at rest and versus exercise? | During exercise the PO2 decreases by 10mmHg and the hemoglobin saturation decreases to 45%. This shows that hemoglobin is dissociating with oxygen easier to supply more oxygen to tissues during exercise. |
| Why does the PO2 and the Hb Saturation decrease during exercise in the mixed venous? | The pH level decreases and the temperature rises of the blood. This creates a more favorable environment for dissociation of oxygen to hemoglobin in the tissues. |
| How many mL of oxygen can a gram of hemoglobin carry? | 1.34mL |
| What is the average amount of hemoglobin one has in their blood? | 15g per 100ml of blood |
| What is the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin? (definition) | It is how much oxygen can be carried by the hemoglobin of an individual |
| What is the percent saturation of hemoglobin? (definition) | It is how much one molecule of hemoglobin is bound with oxygen |
| What is the tidal volume (TV)? | The volume of air that is breathed at a resting state each breath |
| What is residual volume (RV)? | The volume of air that is left in the lungs after a maximal expiration |
| What is vital capacity (VC)? | The amount of air one can expire after a maximal inspiration |
| What is total lung capacity(TLC)? | The amount of air the lungs can hold at a time. |
| What is expiratory reserve volume? | The volume of air that can be expired excluding the tidal volume expiration |
| What is inspiratory reserve volume? | The volume of air that can be inspired excluding the tidal volume inspiration |
| What is inspiratory capacity? | The amount of air one can inspire including the tidal volume inspiration |
| What is the functional residual capacity? | The amount of air that is left in the lungs after a normal resting expiration |
| What are the systems at work when the body utilizes oxygen? | 1. The Respiratory System 2. The Cardiovascular System 3 The Cellular Respiration Process |
| What is max VO2? How is it measured? | The maximum volume of oxygen the body can utilize. Measured in 2 ways (absolute) L/min and (relative) mL/kg/min |
| What equation is used to calculate max VO2? | Max VO2(ml/min)= SV(ml/beat) x HR(bpm) x a-VO2 difference(ml/100ml) |
| What is the main limiting factor of VO2 max? Why? | The cardiovascular system because cellular respiration is not capable of producing ATP through aerobic means because of blood supply shortages at maximal aerobic exercise. |
| What are some cardiovascular adaptions to training? | 1. Increase in stroke volume 2. Decrease in peripheral resistance 3. Decrease in heart rate 4. Larger capillary networks in lungs 5. Increase in blood volume, so increase in amount of RBC in blood |
| What are some respiratory adaptions to training? | 1. More alveoli in lungs, gives more surface area for gas exchange 2. Diaphragm and intercostal muscles strengthen allowing for larger lung capacity and ability of lungs to move are |
| What are some cellular adaptions to training? | 1. More mitochondria in muscle fibers 2. More myoglobin in tissues 3. Mitochondria get larger (more surface area for respiration and room for oxidative enzymes) 4. Muscle cells get larger (allowing for more mitochondria) |
Created by:
marissa1313
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