Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Pharmacology
Neurologic and Neuromuscular Agents
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| are great abused. Long term use can produce Physiologic dependence & tolerance | Amphetamines & related anorexiants |
| Drug used to treat migraine & cluster h/a's | Analgesics Ergot alkaloids Selective serotinin1 receptor agonists (Triptans ) |
| Frequently prescribe, causes vasoconstriction to the blood vessels in the cortex | The Triptan group |
| Characterized by falling asleep during normal waking activities such as driving cars or talking to someone | Narcoclepsy |
| Condition of muscle paralysis that is normal during sleep | Sleep Paralysis |
| Stimulates the release of the neurotransmitters -norepinephrine & dopamine - from the brain & sympathetic NS | Amphetamines |
| Prescribe for Narcoclepsy -Cause euphoria & Alertness -Continous used may result to cardiovascular problems such as increased HR, palpitations, cardiac dysrhythmias & increase BP | Amphetamines |
| Side effects of Amphetamines | Restlessness, insomia, tachycardia, hypertension, heart palpitations, dry mouth, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea or constipation, & impotence. |
| Example of Amphetamines | Amphetamine sulfate (Adderall) Dextroamphetamine sulfate (Dexedrine) Methamphetamine HCI (Desoxyn) |
| This should not be taken in the evening or b4 bedtime because insomia will result. ADHD | Amphetamine & amphetamine-like drugs |
| Example of Amphetamine-like drugs | Methylphenidate HCI (Ritalin) Pemoline (Cylert) Modafinil (Provigil) Dexmethylphenidine ( Focalin) Atomoxetine (Strattera) |
| Use to treat narcoclepsy | Methylphenidate & Pemoline Modifinil (Provigil) - another drug prescribe for narcoclepsy |
| Appetite suppresants -Amphetamines -Phenylpropanolamine | Anorexiants |
| Long term used of these drugs frequently results in such (Anorexiants) | Restlessness Irritability Insomia Heart palpitations Hypertension |
| Example of Anorexiants | Benzphetamine HCI -Dextroamphetamine sulfate -Diethylpropion HCI -Phentermine HCI -Without phenylpropanolamine HCL : Actrium, Control, Dexatrim, Dexatrim Natural, Prolamine |
| Are CNS Stimulants -The primary use of an analeptic is to stimulate respiration - Mostly affect the brainstem & spinal cord but also affect the cerebral cortex | Analeptics |
| Of which caffeine & theophylline are the main drugs. | Xanthines (methylxanthines) |
| Stimulates CNS & large doses stimulate respiration -more than 500mg affects CNS & heart | Caffeine |
| Side Effects of Caffeine | Nervousness, restlessness, tremors, twitching, palpitations and insomia |
| Other S/E of caffeine | Diuresis (increased urination) GI irritation (nausea, diarrhea) Rarely tinnitus (ringing in ear) |
| Used mostly to relax bronchioles -used to increase respiration in newborns | Theophylline |
| CNS stimulants with caution for the treatment of neonatal apnea | Doxapram (Dopram) |
| S/E of Doxapram | Overdose, hypertension, tachycardia, trembling, convulsions may occur |
| characterized by a unilateral throbbing head pain, accompanied by n/v, & photophobia. -caused by inflammation & dilation of the blood vesselsa in the cranium | Migraine Headache |
| 2 types of migraines | Classic migraines Common migraines |
| it promotes a migraine attact Foods such as cheese, chocolate & red wine can trigger an attact | Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) |
| A severe unilateral nonthrobbing pain usually located around the eye | Cluster Headache |
| Treatment of migraine headache | -Beta-adrenergic blockers such as propranolol (Inderal) & atenolol (Tenormin) -Anticonvulsants : valproic acid (Depakote) & gabapentin (Neurontin) -Tricyclic antidepressants : amitriptyline (Elavil) & imipramine (Tofranil) |
| Drugs used to treat migraines includes: | Analgesics, Opioid analgesics, Ergot alkaloids & Selective serotonin1 ( 5-HT) receptor agonists also known as triptans. |
| For mild attacks | Aspirin Acetaminophen or NSAIDS such as ibuprofen of naproxen (Aleve) |
| Drugs used to treat Severe Migraine Headaches | -Ergot alkaloids -Ergot tartrate -Dihydroegotamine mesylate (Migranal) |
| Selective Serotonin1 receptor Agonist (Triptans) | *Sumatriptan succinate (Imitrex) *Naratripan (Amerge) *Rizatripan benzoate (Maxalt, Maxalt MLT) *Zolmitriptan (Zomig) *Almotriptan (Axert) *Frovatriptan (Frova) *Eletriptan (Relpax) |
| NORMAL SLEEP IS COMPOSED OF TWO DEFINITE PHASES: | RAPID EYE MOVEMENT SLEEP (REM) NON RAPID EYE MOVEMENT SLEEP (NREM) |
| SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS | Short-acting hypnotics Intermediate-acting hypnotics |
| Category of Sedative-hypnotics | Barbiturates Benzodiazepine Nonbenzodiazepines Piperidinediones |
| Introduced as a sedarive in early 1900s | Barbituarates |
| Herbal | Kava-kava Valerian |
| Common s/e & Adverse reactions of sedative-hypnotics | Hangover REM bound Dependence Tolerance Excessive depression Respiratory depression Hypersensitivity |
| Example of sedative-hypnotics | Barbiturates: Short acting Pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal sodium) Secobarbital sodium (Seconal sodium) Amobarbital sodium (Amytal sodium) Aprobarbital (Alurate) Butabarbital sodium (Butisol sodium) |
| Introduced in the 1960's as anti anxiety agents, are ordered as sedative-hypnotic for inducing sleep | Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) |
| Several Benzodiazepines | Flurazepam HCI (Dalmane) Triazolam (Halcion) Alprazolam (Xanax) Estazolam (ProSom) Lorasepam (Ativan) Quazepam (Doral) Temazepam (Restoril) |
| -Zolpidem (Ambien) -To treat insomnia -Duration of action is 6-8 hrs | Nonbenzodiazipines |
| Resembles Barbiturates | PIPERIDINEDIONES |
| Was 1st introduced in the 1860's -Used to induced sleep & to decrease nocturnal awakenings | Chloral Hydrate |
| Classified as General and Local | Anesthetics |
| First anesthetic used for surgery in early 1800's | Nitrous oxide ("Laughing gas") |
| A highly flammable volatile liquid | Ether |
| Toxic to liver cells & is no longer used | Chloroform |
| Depress the CNS, alleviate pain, and cause a loss of conscoiusness | GENERAL ANESTHESIA |
| Stages of Anesrhesia (GENERAL) | STAGE 1 ANALGESIA STAGE 2 - EXCITEMENT OR DELIRIUM STAGE 3 - SURGICAL STAGE 4 - MEDULLARY PARALYSIS |
| Begins with consciousness and ends loss of consciousness | -STAGE 1 ANALGESIABegins with consciousness and ends loss of consciousness |
| -Produces a loss of consciousness caused by depression of the cerebral cortex | STAGE 2 - EXCITEMENT OR DELIRIUM |
| -Surgical procedure performed during this stage | STAGE 3 - SURGICAL |
| - Toxic stage of anesthesia | STAGE 4 - MEDULLARY PARALYSIS |
| Gas or volatile liquids administered as gas | Inhalation Anesthetics |
| May be used for general anesthesia or for induction stage of anesthesia | Intravenous Ansethetics |
| - used is limited to mucous membranes, broken or unbroken skin surfaces & burns -Decrease the sensirive nerve endings of the affected area. | Topical Anesthetics |
| Blocks the pain ate the site where the drug is administered, allowing consciousness to be maintained | Local Anesthetics |
| Local anestheric be injected in the subarachnoid space at the third or fourth lumbar space | Spinal Anesthesia |
| Types of Spinal Anesthesia | Spinal Block Epidural Block Caudal Block Saddle block |
| Place into subarachnoid membrane, second layer of spinal cord | Spinal Block |
| Place in the outer covering of the spinal cord or the dura mater | Epidural Block |
| Place near the sacrum | Caudal Block |
| Given at the lower end of the spinal column to block perineal area | Saddle Block |
Created by:
Krxtyn_cabs
Popular Pharmacology sets