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Sensation

Chapter 3

QuestionAnswer
Sensation the act of detecting external stimuli and converting them into nervous-system activity
Transducer a mechanism that converts energy from one form into another
Perception a process that involves the selection, organization, and interpretation
Sensory threshold the minimum intensity of a stimulus required to act
psychophysics the study of the relationship btw. the physical characteristics of stimuli and the psychological experience they produce
absolute threshold the physical intensity of a stimulus that is detected 50 % of the time
signal detection theory the notion that stimulus detection is a decision-making process of determining if a signal exits against a background of noise
difference threshold the smallest difference btw. two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time
just noticable difference (jnd) the amount of change ina stimulus attribute that makes it just detectably different from what it was
sensory adaptation the process by which the visual receptors become more sensitive with time spent in the dark
light adaptation the process by which the visual receptors rapidly become less sensitive as one moves from a dark area to a lighted one
cornea the outermost structure of the eye, protecting it and bending light waves to focus an image on the retina
pupil the opening in the iris of the eye through which light passes into the eye
iris the colored part of teh eye, which contracts or expands to let in varying amounts of light from the enviroment
lens the flexible structure of teh eye that focuses images onto the retina
accommodation in vision, the process of the ciliary muscles changing the shape of the lens to focus images
aqueous humor the fluid that provides nourishment to teh cornea and other structures at the front of the eye
vitreous humor a thick fluid in the middle of teh eyeball responsible for keeping its spherical shape
retina a series of layers of cells at the very back of the eye where light is transduced into neural imulses, collected, and moved out of the eye
rods the photoreceptors in the periphery of the retina responsible for reacting to low levels of illumination, but without discriminating colors or hues
cones the photoreceptors in the middle of the retina responsible for most normal vision and color vision
optic nerve the collection of neural fibers that leaves the eye on the way back to the occipital lobe
fovea a small indentation in the middle of the retinacontaining (mostly) cones; where acuity is best
blind spot that small area of each eye where the optic nerve leaves the retinal area and no vision occurs
optic chiasma that structure in the middle of teh brain where fibers carrying impulses from the right visual field are directed to teh left side of the brain and vice versa
trichromatic theory the theory of color vision associated with Helmholtz that proposes three types of receptors, one for each of the primary colors of light: red, green, and blue
opponent-process theory the theory of color vision associated with Hering that proposes mechanism that process blue and yellow, red and green, and black and white
eardrum the membrane at the outermost portion of teh ear, set in motion by vibrations from the enviroment
malleas, incus, stapes the three small bones of teh middle ar that intensity and convey vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window
cochlea the snail-shaped structure that is the inner ear, where transduction occurs
basilar membrane a tissue that runs the length of teh inside of the cochlea and that moves as the fluid in the cochlea vibrates
hair cells sensory neurons, teh transducers for hearing in the cochlea
taste buds the receptors cells for taste, located in the surface of the tongue
pheromones chemicals that produce distinctive odors, usually associated with sexuality
vomeronasal organ (VNO) the particular organ that detects the presence of pheromones
vestibular sense the position sense that informs us about balance, or relation to gravity, and acceleration and deceleration
kinesthetic sense located in the joints, the position sense that inorms us about the location and movement of our own body parts
placebo inthe context of treatment, a substance that a person believes will be useful in treating some substance although it contains no active ingredients
Created by: Tammey
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