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science plate bound.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Plate Tectonics | it is the theory that Earth's outer crust (lithosphere) is divided into several plates that glide over the plastic-like and less ridged asthenosphere (upper mantle). |
| Convection Currents | Transfers energy in the mantle Causes the hotter magma in the mantle to rise Causes the cooler magma in the mantle to sink also, is the engine that moves the plates |
| plate boundaries | Plates do one of 3 things. Converge (colliding or coming together) Diverge (dividing or moving apart) Transform (sliding past each other) |
| Divergent boundaries (Oceanic) | Two oceanic crusts diverge and create a mid-ocean ridge (mountains under the ocean). This process is call sea-floor spreading. New crust is created. |
| Divergent boundaries (continental) | Two continental crusts diverge and create a rift valley. New crust is created. Example is the Great Rift Valley in Africa Over millions of years water will eventually fill the valley. |
| Transform boundaries | Plates slip sideways past each other creating earthquakes. Crust is neither created or destroyed. Many of these boundaries are found on the sea floor. The most famous transform boundary is the San Andreas fault in California. |
| different types of convergent boundaries | Continental/Continental = folded mountains (Himalayas). Continental/Oceanic = volcanoes form (Cascades in Oregon and Washington) Oceanic/Oceanic = Volcanic arc of islands form(Aleutian Islands in Alaska) |
| Converging boundary -continental/continental boundary. | Two continental crusts collide and push against each other. This pressure causes both plates to rise creating folded mountains. Not a subduction zone |
| Converging boundary - continental/oceanic boundary | The ocean crusts goes below the continental crust because its more dense. Volcanoes form on the continent. A trench forms at the place when the plates collide. Subduction zone |
| Converging boundary - oceanic/oceanic boundary | Two oceanic crusts collide and push against each other. The older crust goes below the other one and creates a volcanic arc of islands. Subduction zone |
| Ring of Fire | A long chain of volcanoes that surround the Pacific Ocean. One of the most geologically active area on Earth. |
| Ring of Fire | Site of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Caused by plate boundaries converging, diverging and transforming. |
| Plate Tectonics | Recall that the earth’s crust is broken into large pieces called plates. These slowly moving plates bump into each other, slide past each other, or pull apart from each other. This causes much stress on the rocks. |
| Plate Boundaries | The Ring of Fire is an area bordering the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanoes occur. Subduction Zones and Transform Boundaries result in movement along fault lines causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. |
| Stress on Rocks | Compression – rocks move together Tension – rocks move away from each other Shearing – rocks slide past each other |
| Faults | A fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock These blocks move relative to each other. A quick movement along fault lines results in an earthquake. There are three main types of faults. |
| Normal Fault | Cause by tension -rocks move away from each other Hanging wall moves downward relative to the foot wall. Example: Areas of Death Valley in California |
| Reverse Fault | Caused by compression – rocks move toward each other The hanging wall rises relative to the footwall. Example: Sierra Madre fault zone in CA, which created the San Gabriel Mountains. |
| Strike-Slip Fault | Caused by shearing –rocks slide past each other Rocks are displaced mainly in a horizontal direction, parallel to the fault line. Example: San Andreas Fault in California |
| Earthquakes | Occurs when the pressure built up along a fault line becomes so great that the rocks on either side of the fault suddenly rip apart. This pent-up pressure is released as energy. Energy radiates out in the form of seismic waves. |
| Earthquakes | This energy (Caused by the P & S waves) results in violent shaking, which sometimes causes great destruction. Small earthquakes happen frequently, but large ones are more rare and difficult to predict. Smaller aftershocks occur after the main event. |
| Seismograph | An instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes Determines the strength and the duration of an earthquake Seismogram – the record produced by the seismograph Seismologist – a scientist who studies earthquakes |
| P waves | P Waves (primary waves) First waves to arrive at the seismic station (fastest) Can move through the solid and liquid layers of the earth Considered a “body” wave Shakes the ground back and forth (push/pull) |
| S waves | Seismic Waves S Waves (secondary waves) Slower than P Wave Can move through the solid layers (crust and mantle) of the earth – also a “body” wave Moves rock particles side to side or up and down. |
| Surface waves | Surface Waves Travel only through the crust Arrive after P and S Waves Almost entirely responsible for the damage and destruction of an earthquake. Two types of Surface Waves (see diagram) |
| Focus and Epicenter | Focus – the point within the earth where the earthquake originates Epicenter – the point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus. |
| Determining the Epicenter | Scientists use a method called triangulation. It takes 3 seismographs to locate the epicenter. You must determine the distance each station is from the earthquake and draw a circle around each using the distance as the radius. it is at the intersect |
| Measuring Earthquakes | Richter Scale measures the strength or magnitude of an earthquake Numbered from 1-10 Each increase in magnitude is actually 32 times greater in release of energy than the previous magnitude. |
| Measuring Earthquakes | Mercalli Scale measures the intensity or severity of an earthquake Numbered from 1-12 Describes what you might see and feel during an earthquake in addition to the type of destruction. |
| Tsunami | A powerful series of waves generated by an earthquake or landslide under the ocean Huge amounts of seawater are displaced. Can travel at an average of 450 mph in open ocean Can be very destructive to coastal areas |
| Japan 2011 | More than 15,000 killed Earthquake off-shore triggered a giant tsunami Nuclear reactors were overwhelmed, creating new problems for people in the middle of destruction. |
| Earthquake Preparedness | Emergency Kit Determine a way of communicating with family members Attach shelves to walls and put heavy stuff on bottoms shelves Get under doorways or outside away from buildings Falling objects are the killers. |
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ssennott
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