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PGS341 Ch.3 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reflexes | Unlearned responses triggered by specific stimulation |
| Alert inactivity | State in which a baby is calm with eyes open and attentive; the baby seems to be deliberately inspecting the environment |
| Waking activity | State in which a baby's eyes are open but seem unfocused while the arms or legs move in bursts of uncoordinated motion |
| Crying | Sate in which a baby cries vigorously, usually accompanied by agitated but uncoordinated movement |
| Sleeping | State in which a baby alternates from being still and breathing regularly to moving gently and breathing irregularly; the eyes are closed throughout |
| Basic cry | cry that starts softly and gradually becomes more intense; often heard when babies are hungry or tired |
| Mad cry | More intense version of a basic cry |
| Pain cry | Cry that begins with a sudden long burst, followed by a long pause and gasping |
| Irregular or rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep | Irregular sleep in which an infant's eyes dart rapidly beneath the eyelids while the body is quite active |
| Regular (nonREM) sleep | Sleep in which heart rate, breathing, and brain activity are steady |
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDs) | When a healthy baby dies suddenly for no apparent reason |
| Temperament | Consistent style or pattern of behavior |
| Malnourished | Being small for one's age because of inadequate nutrition |
| Neuron | Basic cellular unit of the brain and nervous system that specializes in receiving and transmitting information |
| Cell body | Center of the neuron that keeps the neuron alive |
| Dendrite | End of the neuron that receives information; it looks like a tree with many branches |
| Axon | Tubelike structure that emerges from the cell body and transmits information to other neurons |
| Terminal buttons | Small knobs at the end of the axon that release neurotransmitters |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals released by the terminal buttons that allow neurons to communicate with each other |
| Cerebral cortex | Wrinkled surface of the brain that regulates many functions that are distinctly human |
| Hemispheres | Right & left halves of the cortex |
| Corpus callosum | Thick bundle of neurons that connects the two hemispheres |
| Frontal cortex | Brian region that regulate s personality and goal-directed behavior |
| Neural plate | Flat group of cells present in prenatal development that becomes the brain and spinal cord |
| Myelin | Fatty sheath that wraps around neurons and enables them to transmit information more rapidly |
| Synaptic pruning | Gradual reduction in the number of synapses, beginning in infancy and continuing until early adolescence |
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | Pattern of brain waves recorded from electrodes that are placed on the scalp |
| Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | Method of studying brain activity by using magnetic fields to track blood flow in the brain |
| Neuroplasticity | Extent to which brain organization is flexible |
| *Experience-expectant growth | Process by which the wiring of the brain is organized by experiences that are common to most humans |
| *Experience-dependent growth | Process by which an individual's unique experiences over a lifetime affect brain structures & organization |
| Motor skills | Coordinated movements of the muscles & limbs |
| Locomote | Ability to move around in the world |
| Fine motor skills | Motor skills associated with grasping, holding, & manipulating objects |
| Toddling | Early, unsteady form of walking done by infants |
| Toddlers | Young children who have just learned to walk |
| Dynamic systems theory | Theory that views motor development as involving many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet specific needs |
| Differentiation | Distinguishing and mastering individual motions |
| Integration | Linking individual motions into a coherent, coordinated whole |
| Perception | Process by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve imulses that are the result of physical stimulation |
| Visual acuity | Smallest pattern that one can distinguish reliably |
| Cones | Specialized neurons in the back of the eye that sense color |
| Visual cliff | Glass-covered platform that appears to have a “shallow” and “deep” side; used to study infant's depth perception |
| Kinetic cues | Cues to depth perception in which motion is used to estimate depth |
| Visual expansion | Kinetic cue to depth perception that is based on the fact that an object fills an ever-greater proportion of the retina as it moves closer |
| Motion parallax | Kinetic cue to depth perception based on the fact that nearby moving objects move across our visual field faster than do distant objects |
| Retinal disparity | Way of inferring depth based on differences in the retinal images in the left and right eyes |
| Pictorial cues | Cues to depth perception that are used to convey depths in drawings and paintings |
| Linear perspective | A cue to depth perception based on the fact that parallel lines come together at a single point in the distance |
| Texture gradient | Perceptual cue to depth based on the fact that the texture of objects changes from coarse and distinct for nearby objects to finer and less distinct for distant objects |
| Intersensory redundancy | Infants' sensory systems are attuned to information presented simultaneously to different sensory modes |
| Theory of mind | Ideas about connections between thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and behavior that create an intuitive understanding of the link between mind and behavior |
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