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PGS341 Ch.2 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes | Threadlike structures in the nuclei of the cells that contain genetic material |
| Autosomes | First 22 pairs of chromosomes |
| Sex chromosomes | 23rd pair of Chromosomes; these determine the sex of the child |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | molecule composed of four nucleotide bases that is the biochemical basis of heredity |
| Gene | Group of nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions |
| Genotype | Person's hereditary makeup |
| Phenotype | Physical, behavioral, and psychological features that result from the interaction between one's genes and the environment |
| Alleles | Variations of genes |
| Homozygous | When the alleles in a pair of chromosomes are the same |
| Heterozygous | When the alleles in a pair of chromosomes differ from each other |
| Dominant | Form of an allele whose chemical instructions are followed |
| Recessive | Allele whose instructions are ignored in the presence of a dominant allele |
| Incomplete dominance | Situation in which one allele does not dominate another completely |
| Sickle-cell trait | Disorder in which individuals show signs of mild anemia only when they are seriously deprived of oxygen; occurs in individuals who have one dominant allele for normal blood cells and one recessive sickle-cell allele |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | Inherited disorder in which the infant lacks a liver enzyme |
| Huntington's disease | Progressive and fatal type of dementia caused by dominant alleles |
| Behavioral genetics | The branch of genetics that studies the inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits |
| Polygenetic inheritance | When phenotypes are the result of the combined activity of many separate genes |
| Monozygotic twins | The result of a single fertilized egg splitting to form two new individuals; also called identical twins |
| Dizygotic twins | The result of two separate eggs fertilized by two sperm; also called fraternal twins |
| Reaction range | A genotype is manifested in reaction to the environment where development takes place, so a single genotype can lead to a new range of phenotypes |
| Heritability coefficient | A measure (derived from a correlation coefficient) of the extent to which a trait or characteristic is inherited |
| Niche-picking | Process of deliberately seeking environments that are compatible with one's genetic makeup |
| Nonshared environmental influences | Forces within a family that make siblings different from one another |
| Prenatal development | The many changes that turn a fertilized egg into a newborn human |
| In vitro fertilization | Process by which sperm and an egg are mixed in a petri dish to create a zygote, which is then placed in a woman's uterus |
| Eugenics | Effort to improve the human species by letting only people whose characteristics are valued by a society mate and pass along their genes |
| Zygote | Fertilized egg |
| Implanatation | Step in which the zygote burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections with a woman's blood vessels |
| Germ disc | Small cluster of cells near the center of the zygote that will eventually develop into a baby |
| Placenta | Structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing child |
| Embryo | Term given to the zygote once it is completely embedded in the uterine wall |
| Ectoderm | Outer layer of the embryo, which will become the hair, the outer layer of skin, and th enervous system |
| Mesoderm | Middle layer of the embryo, whoch becomes the muscles, bones, and circulatory system |
| Endoderm | Inner layer of the embryo, which becomes the lungs and the digestive system |
| Amnion | Inner sac in which the developing child rests |
| Amniotic fluid | Fluid that surrounds the fetus |
| Umbilical cord | Structure containing veins and arteries that connects the developing child to the placenta |
| Cephalocaudal principle | A principal of physical growth that states that structures nearest the head develop first |
| Proximodistal principle | Principle of physical growth that states that structures nearest the center of the body develop first |
| Period of the fetus | Longest period of prenatal development, extending from the 9th until th e38th week after conception |
| Cerebral cortex | Wrinkled surface of the brain that regulates many functions that are distinctly human |
| Vernix | Substance that protects the fetus's skin during development |
| Age of viability | Age at which a fetus can survive because most of its bodily systems function adequately; typically at 7 months after conception |
| Spina bifida | Disorder in which the embryo's neural tube does not close properly |
| Stress | Physical and psychological responses to threatening or challenging conditions |
| Teratogen | An agent that causes abnormal prenatal development |
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | Disorder affecting babies whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while they were pregnant |
| Ultrasound | Prenatal diagnostic technique that uses sound waves to generate an image of the fetus |
| Amniocentesis | Prenatal diagnostic technique that uses a syringe to withdraw a sample of amniotic fluid through the mother's abdomen |
| Chorionic villus sampling | Prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from the chorion |
| Fetal medicine | Field of medicine concerned with treating prenatal problems before birth |
| Crowning | Appearance of the top of the baby's head during labor |
| Doula | Person familiar with childbirth who provides emotional and physical support throughout labor and delivery |
| Hypoxia | A birth complication in which umbilical blood flow is disrupted and the infant does not receive adequate oxygen |
| Cesarean section (C-section) | Surgical removal of the infant from the uterus through an incision made in the mother's abdomen |
| Preterm (premature) | Babies born before the 36th week after conception |
| Low birth weight | Newborns who weigh less than 2,500 grams (5 pounds) |
| Very low birth weight | Newborns who weigh less than 1,500 grams (3 pounds |
| Extremely low birth weight | Newborns who weigh less than 1,000 grams (2 pounds) |
| Infant mortality | The number of infants out of 1,000 births who die before their first birthday |
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