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Geography Unit 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Altiplano | High-elevation plateau, basin, or valley between even higher mountain ranges, especially in the Andes of South America. |
| Land alienation | One society or culture group taking land from another. |
| Liberation theology | A powerful religious movement that arose in South America during the 1950s, and subsequently gained followers throughout the global periphery. Interprets the teachings of Christ as a quest to liberate the impoverished masses from oppression. |
| Subsistence agriculture | Farmers who eke out a living on a small plot of land on which they are only able to grow enough food to support their families or at best a small community. |
| Uneven development | The notion that economic development varies spatially, a central tenet of core-periphery relationships in realms, regions, and lesser geographic entities. |
| Supranationalism | The notion that economic development varies spatially, a central tenet of core-periphery relationships in realms, regions, and lesser geographic entities. |
| Informal sector | Dominated by unlicensed sellers of homemade goods and services, the primitive form of capitalism found in many developing countries that takes place beyond the control of government. The complement to a country’s formal sector. |
| Barrio | Term meaning “neighborhood” in Spanish. Usually refers to an urban community in a Middle or South American city. |
| Favela | Shantytown on the outskirts or even well within an urban area in Brazil. |
| Megacity | Informal term referring to the world’s most heavily populated cities; in this book, the term refers to a metropolis containing a population of greater than 10 million. Example: Tokyo, Mumbai, Los Angeles |
| Dependencia theory | Originating in South America during the 1960s, it was a new way of thinking about economic development and underdevelopment that explained the persistent poverty of certain countries in terms of their unequal relations with other (i.e., rich) countries. |
| Insurgent state | Territorial embodiment of a successful guerrilla movement. The establishment by antigovernment insurgents of a territorial base in which they exercise full control; thus a state within a state. Ex: Foco model in Bolivia |
| Failed state | A country whose institutions have collapsed and in which anarchy prevails. Ex: Somalia |
| Triple frontier | The turbulent and chaotic area in southern South America that surrounds the convergence of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. Lawlessness pervades this haven for criminal elements, which is notorious for money laundering, arms and other smuggling. |
| Primate city | A country’s largest city—ranking atop its urban hierarchy—most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not in every case) the capital city as well. Examples: NYC, Toronto, Istanbul) |
| Buffer state | A country or set of countries separating ideological or political adversaries. |
| Entrepot | A place, usually a port city, where goods are imported, stored, and transshipped; a break-of-bulk point. |
| Forward capital | Capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory, usually near an international border; it confirms the state’s determination to maintain its presence in the area of contention. Ex: Brasilia, Brazil |
| Cerrado | Regional term referring to the fertile savannas of Brazil’s interior Central-West that make it one of the world’s most promising agricultural frontiers. Inadequate transport links to the outside world remain a problem. |
| Elongation | In political geography, refers to the territorial configuration of a state that is at least six times longer than its average width. Chile is the most prominent example of this shape on the world map. |
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