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Final Exam
Question/Definition | Answer/Term |
---|---|
What are the three measures of retention? | recall, recognition, relearning |
Recall | retrieving information that isn't in your conscious awareness but was learned at an earlier time. |
Recognition | identifying items previously learned. |
Relearning | learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or third time. |
Explicit memories (or declarative memories) | the facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare |
When does conscious effortful processing happen? | when processing explicit memories. |
Implicit memories (or nondeclarative memories). | information we don't consciously learn. |
When does unconscious autonomic processing happen? | When processing implicit memories. |
Encoding | getting information into the brain. |
Storage | retaining information. |
Retrieval | getting information back out of the brain. |
What model is defined by encoding information into our brain, storing that information, and retrieving that information later? | the information-processing model. |
Parallel processing | the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously. |
Short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly. |
Long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. |
Sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
What emotion (or sensation) provokes the amygdala? | stress. |
Flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |
What is our affiliation need? | our need to belong. |
Ostracism | social exclusion. |
Narcissism | excessive self-love and self-absorption. |
Facial feedback effect | the tendency of facial muscles states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness. |
Behavior feedback effect | the tendency of behaviors to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions. |
Coping | alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods. |
Problem-focused coping | trying to reduce stress by changing the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor. |
Learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. |
External locus of control | the belief that chance or outside forces control one's fate. |
Internal locus of control | the belief that we control our own destiny. |
Aerobic exercise | sustained, oxygen-consuming exercise that increases heart and lung fitness. |
How many years does moderate exercise add to your life span? | 2 - 4 |
Stressed and depressed people exercise ____ | less |
Mindfulness meditation | a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner. |
Attribution theory | the theory that we can explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. |
Fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact or personal disposition (tractor on fire situation). |
Social facilitation | improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. |
Social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their effort towards attaining a common goal. |
Deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. |
Prejudice is a mixture of what? | beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action. |
Just-world phenomenon | the tendency to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. |
In-group | "us" |
Out-group | "them" |
Ingroup bias | the tendency to favor our own group. |
Scapegoat theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. |
Mere exposure effect | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases likiing of them. |
Psychological Disorder | A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. |
GAD | An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. |
Panic Disorder | An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread. |
Phobia | An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. |
OCD | A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both. |
PTSD | A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more. |
What must be present for someone to be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder? | Either depressed mood or lost of interest or pleasure, AWA 5 other symptoms. |
Bipolar Disorder | A disorder in which a person alternates between depressive moods to overexcited states of mania. |
What is the child form of Bipolar disorder called? | Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder. |
What chemical causes Depression and Bipolar symptoms? | Norepinephrine. |
What chemical is only causes Depression symptoms? | Serotonin. |
Rumination | Compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes. (Main cause of depression in women). |
Schizophrenia | A psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression. |
Psychotic disorders | A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, disordered perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality. |
What are some of the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia? | Hallucinations, disorganized or deluded speech, and inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage. |
What are some of the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia? | Toneless voices, expressionless faces, and mute or rigid bodies. |
Delusion | A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders. |
Antisocial Personality Disorder | A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience. |
At what age does APD begin to show? | before 15 years old |
What are 3 symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa? | Starvation diet, significantly underweight, and excessive exercise. |
What are 3 symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa? | Weight fluctuations, binge eating, and purging. |
What are 3 symptoms of Binge-Eating Disorder? | Overweight, bouts of overeating, do not purge or fast. |
Antipsychotic Drugs | Drugs used to treat Schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder |
Antianxiety Drugs | Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD. |