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COS CH12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acidic solution | A solution that has a pH below 7.0 (neutral). |
| Alkaline solution | A solution that has a pH above 7.0 (neutral) |
| Alkalis | Also known as bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts. |
| Alkanolamines | Alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products. |
| Alpha hydroxyl acids | Abbreviated AHAs; acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin. |
| Ammonia | Colorless gas with a pungent odor that is comprised of hydrogen and nitrogen. |
| Anion | An ion with a negative electrical charge. |
| Atoms | The smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element. |
| Cation | An ion with a positive electrical charge. |
| Chemical change | A change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance. |
| Chemical properties | Characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance. |
| Chemistry | Science that deals with the composition |
| Combustion | Rapid oxidation of a substance |
| Compound molecules | Also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms or different elements in definite (fixed) proportions. |
| Element | The simplest form of chemical matter; an element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity. |
| Elemental molecule | Molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions. |
| Emulsifier | An ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend. |
| Exothermic reactions | Chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat. |
| Glycerin | Sweet |
| Immiscible | Liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions. |
| Inorganic chemistry | The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon |
| Ion | An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge. |
| Ionization | The separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions |
| Lipophilic | Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving). |
| Logarithm | Multiples of ten. |
| Matter | any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight) |
| Miscible | Liquids that are mutually soluble |
| Molecule | A chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions. |
| Oil-in-water emulsion | Abbreviated O/W emulsion; oil droplets emulsified in water. |
| Organic chemistry | The study of substances that contain the element carbon. |
| Oxidation | A chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide. |
| Oxidation-reduction | Also known as redox; a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen). |
| Oxidizing agent | Substance that releases oxygen. |
| PH | The abbreviation used for potential hydrogen. PH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions. |
| PH scale | A measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0-14 |
| Physical change | A change in the form or physical properties of a substance |
| Physical change | A change in the form or physical properties of a substance |
| Physical mixture | A physical combination of matter in any proportions. |
| Physical properties | Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance. |
| Pure substance | A chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions. |
| Reducing agent | A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound. |
| Silicones | Special type or used in hair conditioners |
| Solute | The substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| Solution | A stable physical mixture of two or more substances. |
| Solvent | The substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution. |
| States of matter | The three different physical forms of matter-solid |
| Surfactants | A contraction of surface active agents; substanc3es that allow oil and water to mix |
| Suspensions | Unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid. |
| Thioglycolic acid | A colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions |
| Volatile alcohols | Alcohols that evaporate easily. |
| Volatile organic compounds | Abbreviated VOCs; compound that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile). |
| Water-in-oil emulsion | Abbreviated W/O emulsion; water droplets are emulsified in oil. |
| electrons | Subatomic particles with a negative charge. |
| emulsion | An unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier. |
| glycolic acid | An alpha hydroxy acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products. |
| neutrons | Subatomic particles with no charge. |
| Protons | Subatomic particles with a positive charge. |
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cvis
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