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Psych 304
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| empirical methods | based on experience |
| non empirical | not based on experience |
| authority | based on someone else's knowledge |
| logic | based on inductive or deductive reasoning |
| intuition | spontaneous perception not based on reasoned mental steps |
| common sense | practical intelligence shared by a large group of people |
| science | a way of knowing about something based on objective observations |
| realism | philosophy that objected perceived have existence outside of the mind |
| rationality | view that reasoning is the basis for problem solving |
| regularity | phenomenon that all things including phenomenon occur in recurring patterns that conform with universal laws |
| discoverability | it is possible to learn solutions to problems |
| determinism | all events happen because of preceding causes |
| what is the difference between empirical and non empirical ways of knowing? | empirical ways of knowing are based on experience |
| when is logic not a good way of knowing the truth? | logic is not a good way because sometimes a statement can be valid but not true. |
| what are 2 basic limitations of common sense? | 1) common sense differs over time and space and culture 2) the only criteria is it if works |
| how do common sense and science differ? | common sense can be counter intuitive, things may go against common sense science is objective. |
| what does science is objective mean? | Science is objective means that any person having a normal perception in the same time and witnessing the same thing would arrive at the same observation. |
| what are the characteristics of science? | 1) science us empirical 2)science is objective 3) science is self correcting 4) science is progressive, adding more info 5) science is tentative it never claims to have the whole truth. 6) science is parsimonious 7) science is concerned with theory. |
| what is the principle of parsimony? | the principle of parsimony is using the simplest explanation possible |
| what are the working assumptions of science? | 1) realism 2) rationality 3)regularity 4) discoverability 5) causality |
| describe the criteria for establishing a cause ad effect relationship/ | 1) temporal precedence 2) co variation when C is introduced E happens 3) probable covariation correlation 4) elimination of other explanations. |
| describe the three processes in the discovery of regularities? | 1) description 2) discovering laws 3) the search for causes |
| what is a law? | a law is a statement that certain events are regularly associated with each other |
| what is a theory? | is an explanation for a set of facts |
| can a theory be proven true? | no they must be falsifiable |
| what is a theories role? | 1) organize knowledge and explain laws 2) predict new laws 3) guide research |
| what is a hypothesis? | a statement assumed to be true for the purpose of testing its validity |
| what is an operational definition? | a statement of precise meaning of a procedure or concept within an experiment |
| what is a paradigm? | a set of laws , theories, methods and applications that form a scientific research tradition |
| converging operations | using different operational definitions to arrive at the meaning on a concept |
| what are the procedures in reviewing literature? | authorship, the publishing body, point of view, connection to the literature, verifiability, currency, how they determine order of hits |
| how are variable related to theoretical concepts? | in order to study a theoretical concept you use variables |
| independent variable | the manipulated variable |
| dependant variable | a measure of the effect of the independent variable |
| what are levels of independent variables | levels are the different values of the independent variable |
| quantitative variables | one that varies in amount |
| categorical variables | one that varies in kind |
| continuous variables | one that falls on a continuum |
| discrete variables | one that falls into separate bins with no intermediate values possible |
| measurement | the process of assigning numbers to events or objects according to rules |
| what are the four types of measurement scales? | 1) nominal scales 2) ordinal scales 3) interval scales 4) ratio scales |
| reliability of a test? | the property of consistency of a measurement that gives the same result on different occasions |
| define validity of a measurement? | the property of measurement that tests what it is supposed to test |
| how can a measurement be reliable but not valid? | because a measurement could be the same amount of wrong each time. |
| validity | an indication of accuracy in terms of the extent to which a research conclusion corresponds with reality |
| internal validity | the extent to which a study provides evidence of a cause and effect relationship between the independent and dependant variables |
| construct validity | extent to which the results support the theory behind the research |
| external validity | how well the findings of an experiment generalize to other situations or populations |
| statistical conclusion validity | extent to which data are shown to be a result of a cause and effect relationship rather than an accident |
| maturation | a source of error in an experiment due to amount of time in between measures |
| regression effects | tendency for subjects with extreme scores on a first measure to score closer to the mean on the second testing |
| selection | a confound that can occur doe to the assignment of subjects to groups |
| mortality | the dropping of subjects before and experiment is over |
| role demands or demand characteristics | participants expectations of what an experiment requires them to do |
| history | events that occur outside the experiment that could influence the results of the experiment. |
| subject bias | tendency of subject or participant in a study to react, either consciously or unconsciously, in a manner that they think that the experimenter wants, rather than to respond naturally |
| experimenter bias | The observer-expectancy effect is a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment |
| control | any means used to rule out threats to validity of research |
| randomization | random allocation of subjects to groups |
| matching | ensures that control and experimental groups are equal before the experiment |
| statistical control | mathematical means of comparing subjects on paper when they cannot be equated as they exist in fact |
| replicability | repeating an experiment to see if you yield the same results important for validity |
| what is meant by confounding? | error that occurs when the effects of 2 variables cannot be separated resulting in confused interpretation of results |
| how can you test construct validity? | manipulation check- make sure variables change in the way intended |
| what are the major threats to internal validity? | ambiguous temporal precedence, history, maturation, effects of testing |
| what are 3 threats to external validity? | other subjects, other times, other settings |
| list 3 strategies to achieve control | control in lab, the research setting as preparation, instrumentation of the response as control |
| direct replication | exact same experiment |
| systematic replication | it A's theory is correct then B should happen |
| 2 threats the construct validity? | loose connection between theory and method & participant awareness of study |
| informed consent | subjects are made aware of all/most aspects before agreeing. |
| anonymity | participants information cannot be shared |
| deception | not revealing the whole truth of an experiment to the participants |
| debriefing | the process in which participants are informed of the tru nature of the experiment to help reduce harmful side effects. |
| voluntary participation | consent given |
| freedom to withdraw | subjects ability to leave the experiment at anytime |
| protection from harm | researcher must do his/her best to protect subjects |
| removing harmful consequences | doing as much as possible;e to reduce harmful consequences |
| APA ethical guidelines | the ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct |
| CPA code of ethics | Canadian psychological associations rules for ethics |
| research ethics board | ensure researchers are following ethical guidelines |
| principles for animal research | reduction in amount of animals used, refinement, and replacement, can it be done without animals. |
| what is the role of the participant ? | the participant is a colleague who cooperates in providing the data |
| non-experimental research | less control over variables if any |
| correlational research | measures 2 or more variables to determine the degree of relationship between them |
| naturalistic observation | research of subjects in their natural environment carried out to disturb subjects as little as possible |
| participant observation | the observer participants in the group |
| inter-observer reliability | It is very important to establish inter-observer reliability when conducting observational research. It refers to the extent to which two or more observers are observing and recording behaviour in the same way. |
| observer bias | issues with objectivity in observer participant research |
| unobtrusive measure | another term for natural- istic observation, com- monly used in the social science |
| reactive measure | a measure that alters the response under investigation. For example, if participants are aware of being observed, their reactions may be influenced more by the observer and the fact of being observed than by the stimulus object or situation. |
| physical traces | unobtru- sive measure of behavior that uses physical evidence |
| archival data | examines existing records to obtain data and test hypothesis |
| content analysis | analysis of content wither latent or manifest |
| manifest content | the content of a text as indicated by measuring the frequency of some objective word or phrase |
| latent content | content measured by the appearance of themes as interpreted by the researcher |
| case study | examines individual instances or cases of some phenomenon |
Created by:
Clo333
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