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SO100
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| coming out | the process of defining oneself as gay or lesbian |
| homophobia | the fear and hatred of homosexuality |
| sexual identity | the definition of oneself that is formed around one's sexual relationships |
| sexual orientation | the attraction that people feel for people of the same or different sex |
| sexual revolution | the widespread changes in men's and women's roles and a greater public acceptance of sexuality as normal part of social developement |
| social construction perspective | a theoretical perspective that explains sex id or any other id as created and learned within a cultural, social, and historical context |
| achievement test | test intended to measure what is actually learned rather than potential |
| church | a formal organization that sees itself and is senn by society as a primary and legitimate religious institution |
| cult | the religious group devoted to a specific cause or charismatic leader |
| endogamy | the practice of seecting mates from within one's group |
| exogamy | the process of selecting mates outside one's groups |
| extended families | the whole networks of parents, children, and other relatives who form a family unit and often reside together |
| kinship system | the patterns of relationships that define people's family relationships to one another |
| monogamy | the marriage practice of a secually exclusive marriage with one spouse at a time |
| monotheism | the worship of a single god |
| patriarchal religion | religion in which the beliefs and practices of the religion are based on male power and authority |
| polytheism | the worship of more than one diety |
| profane | that which is of the everyday, secular world and is specifically not religious |
| religion | an institutionalized system of symbols, beliefs, values and practices by which a group of people interprets and responds to what they feel is sacred and that provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning |
| religious extremism | actions and beliefs that are driven by high levels of religious intolerance |
| sect | groups which have broken off from an established church |
| secular | the ordinary beliefs of dailyl life that are specificaly not religious |
| anorexia nervosa | a condition characterized by compulsive dieting resulting in self-starvation |
| cognitive ability | the capacity for abstract thinking |
| cognitive elite | the idea that there is a presumably genetically based elite class in the United States containing those with high IQs, high incomes, and prestigious jobs |
| defensive medicine | practiced by physicians who order extra tests on a patient in an effort to fend off a lawsuit by the patient |
| epidemiology | the study of all factors-biological, social, economic, and cultural-that are associated with disease and health |
| health maintenance organization (HMO) | a cooperative of doctors asnd other medical personnel who provide medical services inexchange for a set membership fee |
| managed care | use of collective bargaining as part of a large collection of HMOs |
| medicaid | a governmental assistance program that provides health care assistance for the poor, including the elderly |
| medicare | a governmental assistance program established in the 1960s to provide health services for older americans |
| standardized ability test (SAT) | tests given to large populations and scored with respect to population averages |
| stigma | an attribute that is socially devalued and discredited |
| tracking | grouping, or stratifying, students in school on the basis of ability test scores |
| alienation | the feeling of powerlessness and separation from one's group or society |
| authority | power that is perceived by others as legitimate |
| bureacracy | a type of formal organization characturized by an authority hierarchy, a clear division of labor, explict rules and impersonality |
| capitalism | an economic system based on the principles of market, competition, private property, and the pursuit of profit |
| communism | an economic system where the state is the sole owner of the systems or production |
| deindustrialization | the transition from a predominatly goods production economy to one based on the provision of services |
| glass ceiling | popular concept referring to the limits that women and minorites experience in job mobility |
| interest group | a constituency in society organized to promote its own agenda |
| multinational corporations | corporations that conduct business across national borders |
| political action committees (PAC) | groups of people who organize to support candidates they feel will represent their views |
| postindustrial society | a society economically dependent upon the production adn distribution of services, information and knowledge |
| power | a person or groups ability to exercise influence and control over others |
| propaganda | information diseeminated by a group or organization such as the state intended to justify its own power |
| socialism | an economic institution characterized by state ownership and management of the basic industries |
| state | the organized system of power and authority in society |
| xenophobia | the fear and hatred of foreigners |
| census | a count of the entire population of a country |
| demography | the scientific study of population |
| emigration | migration of people from one society to another (also called out-migration) |
| global warming | the systematic increase in world-wide surface temperatures |
| greenhouse effect | a rise in the earth's surface temperature caused by heat trapped by excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; global warming |
| human ecology | the study of the interdependence between humans and their physical enviroment |
| life expectancy | the average number of years individuals and the particular groups can expect to live |
| malthusian theory | after T.R. Malthus, the principle that a population, tends to grow faster than the subsistence (food) level needed to sustain it. |
| population density | the number of people per square mile |
| urbanization | the process by which a community acquires the characteristics of city life |
| collectitive behavior | behavior that occurs when the usual conventions are suspended and people collectively establish new norms of behavior in response to an emerging situation |
| cultural diffusion | the transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another |
| gemeinshaft | german word for community, a state characterized by a sense of common feeling among the members of a society, including strong personal ties, sturdy primary group memberships, and a sense of personal loyalty to one another, associated with rural life |
| gesellshaft | a type of society in which incrasing importance is placed on the secondary relationships people have-that is, less intimate and more instrumental relationships |
| inner-directedness | a condition wherein the individuals behavior is guided by internal principles and morals |
| moderization | a process of social and cultural change that is initiated by industrialization and followed by increase of social differentiation and division of labor. |
| other-directedness | a condition wherein the individual's behavior is guided by the behavior of others |
| radical movements | social movements that seek fundamental change in the structureof society |
| reactionary movements | social movements organized to resist change or to reinstate an earlier social order that participants perceive to be better |
| reform movements | social movements that seek change through legal or other mainstream political means, by working within exisiting institutions |
| revolution | the overthrow of a state or the total transformation of central state institutions |
| social/political change movements | a type of social movement that intends to change some status quo aspect of society, such as the civil rights movement or the enviromental movement |
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ilovemiraclewhip
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