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ABNRML CH.7 2021
Mr. Stickler's Abnormal Psych. Ch. 7 Test Flashcards 2021
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How does the DSM-IV-TR define "traumatic stress"? | This is defined as "an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury to self or others and creates intense feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror". |
| When does "Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)" occur in relation to exposure to traumatic stress? | This occurs within 4 weeks after exposure to traumatic stress. |
| List three (3) examples of situations that may cause "traumatic stress". | 1.) Military combat; 2.) Bombings; 3.) Airplane crashes. |
| What is one (1) difference between Post traumatic stress disorder and Acute Stress Disorder? | One (1) difference between these is that the symptoms are either longer lasting or have a delayed onset in Post traumatic stress disorder. |
| What are the four (4) symptoms that Post traumatic stress disorder and Acute Stress Disorder have in common? | 1. Dissociative symptoms; 2. Re experiencing the event; 3. Avoidance of reminders of the trauma, 4. marked anxiety or arousal. |
| What are three (3) ways that people living with PTSD or ASD can "re experience" their trauma? | 1. Have repeated, distressing images or thoughts of the incident; 2. Visualizing the trauma over and over; 3. Repeatedly question what they might have done differently. |
| What does the term "flashbacks" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "sudden memories during which the trauma is replayed in images or thoughts - often at full emotional intensity". |
| What does the term "dissociation" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the disruption of the normally integrated mental processes involved in memory, consciousness, identity, or perception". |
| What happens when a person enters a "dissociative state"? | During these events, "the person feels and acts as if the trauma actually were occurring at that moment". |
| How long can "dissociative states" last? | These can last for a very short duration (less than a day) all the way up to 2 or more days in unusual cases. |
| What happens when there is a "numbing of responsiveness" in a person living with ASD or PTSD? | When this occurs, "emotions are dampened or even nonexistent. |
| What is an "exaggerated startle response"? | This is when a person exhibits "an excessive fear reaction to unexpected stimuli, such as loud noises". |
| What happens during "depersonalization"? | During this, the person may feel cut off from themselves or their environment. They may feel "like a robot" or like they are sleepwalking |
| What happens during "derealization"? | During this, the person "has a marked sense of unreality about themselves and the world around them". |
| What is one (1) example of "derealization"? | One example of this is - immediately after 9/11 - "people (woke up) wondering if the attacks had been only a nightmare. |
| What are the five (5) DSM-IV-TR criteria for diagnosing PTSD? | 1. Person was exposed to a traumatic event; 2. Traumatic event is persistently re-experienced; 3. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma; 4. Persistent symptoms of increased arousal (i.e. hypervigilance); 5. Disturbances last 1 month+. |
| What does the term "dissociative amnesia" mean/refer to? | This term refers to "the inability to recall important aspects of the traumatic experience". |
| What is the only difference between diagnosis of PTSD versus ASD? | In ASD, the associated distress lasts no longer than 4 weeks. |
| How does the DSM-IV-TR define "trauma"? | This defines trauma as: 1.) Experiencing an event that involves witnessing someone's death or serious injury to themselves or others; 2.) A response of intense fear, hopelessness, or horror in reaction to the event. |
| List three (3) other mental illnesses that are often "comorbid" with PTSD. | 1.) Depression; 2.) Other anxiety disorders; 3.) Substance abuse. |
| According to a study conducted in 2005, about what percentage of people surveyed had suffered from PTSD at some point in their lives? | About 7% of people suffered from this at some point in their lives. |
| What is one social factor that plays a role in alleviating the long term psychological damage caused by trauma? | Social support after the trauma plays a large role in this. |
| What are two (2) organs that can be effected by the heightened fear reactivity associated with trauma? | 1.) Amygdala; 2.) Hippocampus. |
| How does the "two - factor theory" explain PTSD? | 1. Fear is created through "Classical Conditioning" when the terror of trauma is paired with the cues associated with it; 2.) "Operant Conditioning" maintains avoidance by reducing fear. |
| What is the "most widely used intervention" following trauma that is in use today? | "Critical Incident Stress Debriefing" (CISD). |
| What are three (3) treatments used for people living with PTSD or ASD? | 1.) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; 2.) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR); 3.) Antidepressant medications. |
| What characterizes "dissociative disorders"? | These are characterized by "persistent, maladaptive disruptions in the integrations of memory, consciousness, or identity". |
| What are the symptoms of "dissociative fugue"? | The symptoms of this are "sudden, unplanned travel, the inability to remember details about the past, and confusion about identity or the assumption of a new identity". |
| What does the term "depersonalization" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a less dramatic dissociative symptom where people feel detached from themselves or their social or physical environment". |
| What does the term "amnesia" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the partial or complete loss of recall for particular events or for a particular time period". |
| What does the term "psychogenic" mean? | This term means "psychologically caused". |
| What is the main symptom for people living with "Dissociative Identity Disorder"? | The main symptom for this is the existence of two (2) or more personalities coexist within a single individual. |
| What does the term "explicit memory" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the conscious recollection of a past event". |
| What does the term "implicit memory mean/ refer to? | This term "is indicated by changes in behavior based on a memory of a prior event but with no conscious remembering of the event". |
| What happens during "hypnosis"? | During this, "subjects experience loss of control over their actions in response to suggestions from (a) hypnotist". |
| What does the "implicit association test" assess? | This assesses "hidden attitudes based on response times to various cues". |
| What is the main symptom for people living with "dissociative amnesia"? | The main symptom for people living with this is "a sudden inability to recall extensive and important personal information that exceeds forgetfulness". |
| What is "selective amnesia"? | This occurs when a patient does not lose all of their memory but instead cannot remember selected events and information, often related to a traumatic experience. |
| What characterizes "depersonalization disorder"? | This disorder is "characterized by feelings of being detached from oneself, including such sensations as feeling as though you are living in a dream or floating above your body and watching yourself". |
| Complete the following sentence: "Dissociative identity disorder was formerly known as __________________________________". | Multiple personality disorder. |
| What is the goal of treatment among people living with "dissociative identity disorder"? | The goal of treatment for people living with this disorder is "to integrate the different personalities into a whole". |
| What does the term "iatrogenesis" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the manufacture of a disorder by its treatment". |
| How does one researcher - Mersky - explain how "iatrogenesis" works where "dissociative identity disorder" is concerned? | This researcher argues that people living with "dissociative identity disorder" developed multiple personalities in response to their therapist's leading questions. |
| What are "somatoform disorders"? | These are disorders in which "unusual physical symptoms occur in the absence of a known physical illness". |
| What are the five (5) major types of "somatoform disorders" listed in the DSM-IV-TR? | 1.) Conversion disorder; 2.) Somatization disorder; 3.) Hypochondriasis; 4.) Pain disorder; 5.) Body dysmorphic disorder. |
| What is the "idea" behind "conversion disorder"? | The idea behind this is that psychological symptoms are converted to physical symptoms. |
| What does the term "somatization disorder" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to a disorder that is characterized by a history of multiple somatic complaints in the absence of organic impairments. |
| What does the term "hypochondriasis" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to a disorder that is characterized by a fear or belief that one is suffering from a physical illness. |
| What does the term "pain disorder" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to a disorder that is characterized by preoccupation with pain. The complaints of pain are excessive and are apparently motivated at least partially by psychological factors. |
| What does the term "body dysmorphic disorder" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to a disorder in which the patient is preoccupied with some imagined defect in their appearance. Preoccupation is typically with a facial feature. |
| What does the term "malingering" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "pretending to have a physical illness in order to achieve some external gain, such as a disability payment". |
| What does the term "factitious disorder" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a feigned condition that is motivated primarily by a desire to assume the sick role rather than by a desire for external gain". |
| What are three (3) disorders that are often "comorbid" with somatoform disorders"? | 1.) Depression, 2.) Anxiety; 3.) Antisocial personality disorder |
| What is "diagnosis by exclusion"? | This is when the patient's "physical complaints are assumed to be a part of a somatoform disorder only when various known physical causes are ruled out". |
| What are two (2) treatments for "somatoform disorders"? | Two (2) treatments for these are medication (such as antidepressants) and cognitive behavioral therapy. |
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