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South America
South America Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Unity of Place | The great German natural scientist Alexander von Humboldt’s notion that in a particular locale or region intricate connections exist among climate, geology, biology, and human cultures. |
| Indegineus | Aboriginal or native; an example would be the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. |
| Altiplano | High-elevation plateau, basin, or valley between even higher mountain ranges, especially in the Andes of South America. |
| Land Alienation | One society or culture group taking land from another. |
| Liberation theology | A powerful religious movement that arose in South America during the 1950s, and subsequently gained followers throughout the global periphery. |
| Cultural pluralism | A society in which two or more population groups, each practicing its own culture, live adjacent to one another without mixing inside a single state. |
| Commercial agriculture | For-profit agriculture. |
| Subsistence agriculture | Farmers who eke out a living on a small plot of land on which they are only able to grow enough food to support their families or at best a small community. |
| Remote sensing | The indirect capture of images by specially equipped, Earth-orbiting satellites. |
| Uneven development | The notion that economic development varies spatially, a central tenet of core-periphery relationships in realms, regions, and lesser geographic entities. |
| Supranationalism | A venture involving three or more states—political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. |
| Rural-to-urban migration | The dominant migration flow from countryside to city that continues to transform the world’s population, most notably in the less advantaged geographic realms. |
| Informal sector | Dominated by unlicensed sellers of homemade goods and services, the primitive form of capitalism found in many developing countries that takes place beyond the control of government. The complement to a country’s formal sector. |
| Barrio | Term meaning “neighborhood” in Spanish. Usually refers to an urban community in a Middle or South American city. |
| Favela | Shantytown on the outskirts or even well within an urban area in Brazil. |
| Megacity | Informal term referring to the world’s most heavily populated cities; in this book, the term refers to a metropolis containing a population of greater than 10 million. |
| Central business district | The downtown heart of a central city; marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings. |
| Gini Index | A measure of inequality within a given area, ranging from 0 to 100. A value of 0 indicates that income is equally distributed across an area’s population; a value of 100 indicates that all income is concentrated in the hands of a single recipient. |
| Dependencia | theory Originating in South America during the 1960s, it was a way of thinking about economic development and underdevelopment that explained the persistent poverty of certain countries of their unequal relations with other (i.e., rich) countries. |
| Insurgent State | Territorial embodiment of a successful guerrilla movement. The establishment by antigovernment insurgents of a territorial base in which they exercise full control; thus a state within a state. |
| Failed state | A country whose institutions have collapsed and in which anarchy prevails. |
| Neo Liberal policies | Policies adhering to an ideology or development strategy that advocates the privatization of state-run companies, lowering of international trade tariffs, reduction of government subsidies, cutting of corporate taxes of business activity. |
| Landlocked Location | An interior state wholly surrounded by land. Without coasts, such a country is disadvantaged in terms of accessibility to international trade routes, and in the scramble for possession of areas of the continental shelf. |
| Human development index | A UN index that is a composite measure of life expectancy, education, and income per capita. It is used to rank countries within a four-level classification under this name. |
| Triple Frontier | The turbulent and chaotic area in southern South America that surrounds the convergence of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. Lawlessness pervades this haven for criminal elements |
| Primate City | A country’s largest city—ranking atop its urban hierarchy—most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not in every case) the capital city as well. |
| Elongation | In political geography, refers to the territorial configuration of a state that is at least six times longer than its average width. Chile is the most prominent example of this shape on the world map. |
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