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Psych Ch.18 Social
Social Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| attribution theory | the theory that we tend to give a casual explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition |
| fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
| attitude | a belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency to people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
| cognitive dissonance theory | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent |
| conformity | adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
| normative social influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
| imformational social influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality |
| social facilitation | improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered |
| social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
| deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
| group polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group |
| groupthink | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
| prejudice | an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action |
| stereotype | a generalized (sometime accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people |
| ingroup | "Us" - people with whome one shares a common identity |
| outgroup | "Them" - those percieved as different or apart from one's ingroup |
| ingroup bias | the tendency to favor one's own group |
| scapegoat theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
| just-world phenomenon | the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| aggression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
| frustration-agression principle | the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression |
| conflict | a percieved incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
| social trap | a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
| mere exposure effect | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them |
| passionate love | an aroused state od intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
| companionate love | the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
| equity | a condition in which people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
| self-disclosure | revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
| altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
| bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
| social exchange theory | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
| superordinate goals | shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
| GRIT | Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions |
Created by:
Ascuba
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