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Chapter 12
Personalities
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fixations | prominent conflicts and concerns focused on wishes from a particular period |
| Anal Stage | stage occurring roughly around ages 2 or 3, which is characterized by conflicts with parents over compliance and defiance |
| Regression | reverting to conflicts of models of managing emotions characteristics of an earlier particular stage |
| Identification | making another person apart of ones self by imitating that persons behavior; accepting his/her values |
| Oedipus Complex | in freudian theory, process that occurs, where child desire an exclusive, sensual/sexual relationship with the opposite sex parent |
| Structural Model | Freuds model of conflict between desires and the dictates of conscience or the constraints of reality, which possess three sets of mental forces: id, ego, superego |
| Id | the reservoir of sexual and aggressive energy. It is characterized by primary process thinking |
| Primary Process Thinking | when ideas connect in peoples mind through related ideas, its wishful and unrealistic |
| Structural Model | Freuds model of conflict between desires and the dictates of conscience or the constraints of reality, which possess three sets of mental forces: id, ego, superego |
| Superego | acts as conscience and source of ideas |
| Ego | balances desire, reality, and mortality |
| Defense Mechanisms | unconscious mental processes aimed at protecting a person from experiencing unpleasant emotions |
| Repression | DM, where painful emotions are kept from conscious awareness |
| Denial | DM, person refuses to acknowledge realities or emotions |
| Projection | DM, when a person turns unacceptable feelings on others around them |
| Reaction Formation | DM when a person turns unacceptable feelings into their opposite |
| Sublimation | DM, involves converting sexual or aggressive impulses into socially acceptable activities |
| Rationalization | DM, involves explaining away actions in a seemingly logical way to avoid uncomfortable feelings |
| Passive Aggression | indirect expression of anger towards others |
| Object Relations Theories | propose the need for relatedness is a central motive in humans and that people will distort their personalities to maintain ties to important people in their lives |
| Projective Tests | a personality assessment method in which subjects are confronted with ambiguous stimulus and asked to define it in some way |
| What do Projective Tests assume? | assumes that when people are faced with unstructured stimulus, they will project their true thoughts and emotions |
| Herman Rorschach | created the Rorschach inkblot test |
| Rorschach inkblot test | a projective personality test in which a subject views a set of inkblots and tells the tester what it looks like |
| Contributors and Limitations of Psychodynamic Theories | 1. Unconscious cognitive, emotional, and motivational processes, 2. Ambivalence, conflict, and compromise, 3. Child hood experiences, 4. Mental representations of self, 5.Development of the capacity to regulate impulses |
| Cognitive-Social Theories | personality reflects a constant interplay between environmental demands and the way the individual processes information about the self and the world |
| Behavior-outcome expectancies | beliefs that a certain behavior will lead to a particular outcome |
| Self-efficacy expectancies | a person’s convictions that he or she can perform the actions necessary to produce an intended behavior |
| Self Regulation | setting goals, evaluation of one’s own performance and adjusting ones behaviors flexibly to achieve those goals in the context of ongoing feedback |
| Cognitive social theories over estimate what? | emotionality and rationality |
| Traits | emotional, cognitive, and behavioral tendencies that constitute underlying dimensions of personality on which individuals vary |
| Five Factor Model | a trait theory which asserts that personality consists of five traits; openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism |
| Walter Mischel | discovered considerable evidence of the inconsistency of peoples behavior across situations and showed that most personality tests had only modest correlations with behaviors in the real world |
| Person-by-situation interactions | process by which some personality dispositions are activated only by certain circumstances |
| Carl Rogers | believed that humans are basically good but that their personalities become distorted by interpersonal experiences, especially in childhood |
| Phenomenal Experiences | the way individuals experience reality and experience themselves and their world |
| What is the fundamental tool of psychology? | empathy |
| What did Carl Rogers Propose? | that the primary motivation in humans is an actualizing tendency |
| Actualizing Tendency | a desire to fulfill the full range of needs that humans experience |
| Existentialism | focuses on each individuals subjective existence |
| Contributions and Limitations of Humanistic Theories | most important is a humans need to know the meaning of live |
| Two limitations of humanistic theories | 1. It doesn’t offer a comprehensive theory of personality in the same way that psychodynamic and cognitive social theories do. 2. Its not reliable |
Created by:
hcharen
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