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Chapter 4
Stress and perception
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where does sensation begin? | With specialized receptor cells located in our sense organs. (Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin and internal body tissues) |
| What do sense organs convert into? | Neural impulses. |
| What happens in the perception process? | The brain then assigns meaning to this sensory information. |
| Where does the bottom up process begin? | Starts at “bottom” with analysis of small features. |
| Where does the top-down processing begin? | Brain creates useable predictions from sensory messages. |
| What are vision receptors? | Light -sensitive rods and cones in eyes resting |
| Where in the brain is vision? | Visual cortex occipital lobe? |
| What are the receptors of Audition (hearing? | Pressure-Sensitive hair cells in ears cochlea. |
| Where is hearing in the brain | Auditory Cortex in temporal lobe. |
| What are Olfaction (Smell) receptors? | Neurons in the nose Olfactory epithelium. |
| Where in the brain is the olfaction (smell)? | Temporal lobe and lambic system. |
| What are the receptors of Gustation (taste)? | Taste buds on tongues surface. |
| Where in the brain is Gustation (taste)? | Lambic system, somaosensory cortex and frontal lobe |
| What are the receptors of body senses? | Variety of receptors. |
| Where in the brain are body senses? | Motor cortex in frontal lobe and somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe. |
| What receives and processes sensory information? | Eyes Ears Skin Other sense organs Contains special cells called receptors |
| What do the receptors convert? | The energy from the specific sensory stimulus into neural impulses sent on to the brains. |
| What must neural messages do? | Must travel to specific areas of the brain in order for us to see, hear, smell. |
| How does sensory reproduction work? | Analyze and filter incoming sensations Before sending neural impulses on for other parts in the brain |
| Why do we have less sensory reduction? | Species have evolved selective receptors that suppress or amplify info for survival. |
| What can’t humans sense? | Ultraviolet light Electric or magnetic fields Ultrasonic sound of a dog whistle Infrared heat patterns from warm-blooded animals as other animals can |
| What do psychophysics study and measure? | Link between physical characteristics Stimuli and psychological experiences of them |
| What can detect stimuli? | (The visual difference between normal and abnormal breast tissue) Special training, practice and instruments |
| What is not directly reproduced? | Everything out in the world not inside our bodies. |
| What is difference threshold? | Minimum difference 50% of time. |
| What is absolute threshold? | Minimum stimulation necessary to consciously detect 50% of time. |
| How to measure senses? | Examines presents series of signals vary intensity, say what you can detect. |
| What does attach to scope? | Flashes images quickly Slow enough registered by the brain |
| When can we detect a stimulus? | When our stimulus falls below 50% absolute threshold |
| What does priming help us with? | Makes it easier or more difficult to recall information in storage. |
| What can subliminal stimuli have an effect on? | Sometimes have a effect on indirect, more subtle reactions such as our more casual attitudes. |
| How can sensory adaptation be understood? | Can be understood from an evolutionary perspective. |
| What is important in sensory adaptation? | Keep an eye out for dangerous predators, avoid strong odors, and heat. Take care of a burn. |
| What does the body release in physical exertion? | Releases natural, pain-killing neurotransmitters called endorphins. |
| What do endorphins do? | Inhibit pain perception. |
| What is one of the most widely accepted explanations of pain? | Gate control theory pain. |
| What conducts sensory signals? | Messages being sent from large- diameter nerve fibers. |
| What happens when body tissue is damaged? | Impulses from small pain fibers open up the gate. |
| How to reduce pain? | Endorphins Distraction Listening to music Singing and Dancing in synchrony with others. |
| When can the brain generate pain on its own? | Normal sensory input is distributed. |
| What are vision and hearing the sound of? | What our brains create in response to light and sound waves. |
| What do waves vary in? | Length and frequency Height (technically) called amplitude |
| What does the wave height/amplitude determine? | Intensity of sights and sounds. |
| What do waves vary in? | Range, or complexity, mixes together waves of various wave length/frequence and height/amplitude |
| What are light waves a form of? | Electromagnetic energy, and only a small part of the full electromagnetic spectrum. |
| How to turn light waves into a experience? | Examine various structures in our eyes that capture and focus light waves. How waves are transformed (transduced) into neural messages (action potentials) Brains can process images we see |
| What do images in front of the retina result in? | Results in case of farsightedness (hyperopia). |
| What is the condition where people’s lens loose the elastic and to accommodate hear vision? | Presbyopia |
| Where does visual peculiarity occur? | Where the optic nerve exits the eye. |
| Why do we have blind spots? | Because no receptors to cells, for visual stimuli that area, we have a tiny hole which is a blind spot in the field of vision. |
| Where does light enter through? | The cornea Helps protect the eye and focus incoming light says |
| Where does the light pass through? | The pupil Small adjustable opening |
| What does the muscle in the iris do? | Allows the pupil to dilate or constrict in response to light intensity. |
| What do the muscular controlled lens focus on? | Focus on incoming light into an image on the light-sensitive retina |
| Where is the light-sensitive retina? | Located on the back surface of the fluid-filled eyeball. |
| How are light waves detected in the retina? | Trans diced into neural signals by visual receptor cells (rods and cones) Brains later reverse visual Imput into the final image we perceive |
| What is the fova responsible for? | Sharpest vision Tiny pit with cones |
| What are rods? | Retinal receptor cells with high sensitivity in dim light Low sensitivity to details and color |
| What are cones? | Retinal receptor cells Sensitivity to color Low sensitivity in dim light |
| What ones the optic nerve consist of? | Atoms of the ganglion cells/ carries messages to the brain |
| How long do rods take to see? | Second or two for rods to be functioned enough to see |
| How long does dark adaptation take place? | Continues for 20-30 minutes |
| When does the light adaption take place? | Darkness to bright setting |
| What is in the center of the retina? | The fovea Color vision and fine detail |
| What is the actual way we perceive color? | Is a matter of scientific debate. |
| What does the trichromatic theory of color explain? | We have these “color systems” sensitivities to blue, red, and green or other result. |
| What does the opponent process of theory of color explain? | Color perception on 3 color patterns Unable to see reddish-green blueish-yellow |
| Where do trichromatic and opponent operate different? | Both operate at different levels in visual processing. |
| What are people who receive two colors called? | Dichromats |
| What are people who are sensitive to black and white system called? | Monochromatic color blind. |
| What are important functions in auditions? | Alerting us to dangers to communicate to others. |
| What does the auiditory system convert to? | Sound waves and hearing |
| What are sound waves produced by? | Air molecules moving in a particular wave pattern. |
| How do we distinguish high and low pitched sounds? | Frequency of sound waves |
| Why do we hear different hearing patterns? | Different sound waves stimulate different sections (or places) |
| How do our brains figure out sound? | Detecting the position of the hair cells that sent the neural message. |
| Where do high frequencies produce large vibrations? | Near start of the basilar membrane next to the oval window. |
| What does the outer ear do? | Captures and funnels sound waves on to the tympanic membrane (eardrum). |
| What do the vibrations of the tympanic membrane strike? | Middle ears ossicles charmer anvil, and stirrup). Stir up hits the oval window. |
| What do the vibrations of the oval window create? | Waves in the inner ear’s cochlear fluid which deflect the basilar membrane, movement bends hair cells. |
| What do hair cells communicate? | Auditory nerve, sends neural impulses to the brain. |
| What does the frequency theory do? | States we hear by the frequency of sound waves up the auditory nerve. |
| What does the higher frequency sound trigger? | Fire more of ten than the lower sound frequency |
| What does the volley principle for hearing solve? | Solves the problem of frequency theory, which can account for highest pitched sounds. |
| What do the neurons take turns doing? | Takes turns firing in a sequence of rhythmic volleys |
| What happens when we age? | Loose high pitched sounds still have low pitched sounds. |
| What produces loud sounds? | Waves with high peaks and low valleys produce loud sounds. |
| What produces soft sounds? | Waves with relatively low peaks and shallow valleys produce soft sounds. |
| What can help with conduction hearing loss? | Hearing aids that amplify the incoming sound waves, and some forms of surgery can help. |
| What can result in sensorineural hearing loss? | Disease and biological changes associated with aging can result in sensorineural hearing loss. |
| What can loud noise damage | Hair cells Lead to permanent hearing loss Brief loud sounds/coating on nerve cells. |
| Why are smell and taste sometimes called chemical senses? | Both rely on chemo receptors that are sensitive to certain chemical molecules. |
| Where are small and taste receptors located? | Near other and closely interact. |
| When eating pizza what happens? | Food molecules activate taste receptors cells on tongue. Cheese, sauce, crust. |
| Where is the sensory info processed? | Sent to brain and processed in various associations of the cortex. |
| What do olfactory receptor neurons transducer? | Information from odorant molecules that enter the nose. |
| Where is info for smell processed? | Usually before being sent to other parts of the brain. |
| Where is the olfaction not routed? | (Olfaction is the only sensory not processed through the thalamus.) |
| What happens while eating and drinking liquids and dissolved foods? | Flow over the tongue’s papillae. |
| What do the receptor cells do? | Send messages to their nerve fibers Carry info to the brain stem, thalamus, gustatory cortex, somatosensory cortex |
| What do more than 1000 types of olfactory receptors allow us to do? | To detect more than 10,000 distinct smells. |
| What is the nose more sensitive to? | Smoke than any electronic detector |
| What is the major function of taste? | To help us avoid drinking and eating harmful substances. |
| Why do our tastebuds die and change every few days? | Receptors directly exposed to the environment. |
| What are receptors protected by? | Eyeball |
| What are hearing receptors protected by? | Ear drum. |
| What happens with taste as we get older? | Taste cells diminish Explains why adults enjoy spicier foods than infants |
| Where is glutamate found? | Found in meats, meat broths, and mono sodium glutamate (MSG) |
| Where are the major taste receptors distributed? | All over our tongues with little bumps called papillae. |
| What can affect our taste preferences? | Expectations and experiences. |
| What does the sense touch rely on? | Variety of receptors located in different parts of skin. |
| Who is highly responsive to touch? | Humans and non humans highly responsive to touch. |
| What is the vestibular sense used by? | Eye muscles to maintain visual fixation Sometimes by the body to change node orientation |
| Who has the greatest susceptibility to motion sickness? | Children between the ages of 2-12. |
| What is kinesthesis? | Athlete finally-tuned behaviors Info provided by receptors in muscles, joints, and tendons |
| What is detected in kinesthesis? | Location, Orientation, and movement of body parts relative to each other. |
| What is skin designed for? | Detection of touch (or pressure), temperature and pain. |
| Where are touch receptors concentrated? | Mostly face and fingers |
| Where are touch receptors least concentrated? | Back and legs. |
| What are itching, tickling, and vibration s estate on produced by? | Light stimulation of both pressure and pain receptors. |
| What does kangaroo care help with? | Greater weight gain, fewer infections, improved cognitive and motor development. |
| What do the semicircular canals do? | Move and bend hair cell receptors. |
| What do vestibular SACS contain? | Hair cells sensitive to our bodily movement relative to gravity |
| What information from the semicircular canals and vestibular Sacs converted to? | Neural impulses that are then carried to our brains. |
| What are several ways kangaroo care helps? | Providing warmth Reducing pain (Lower levels of arousal and stress increases pain tolerance and immune functioning) Improved sleep quality |
| Where are kinesthesis receptors found? | Throughout the muscles Joints Tendons of our body |
| What does kinesthesis tell our body’s? | Which muscles are being contracted or relaxed How body weight is distributed Arms and legs in relation to rest of body |
| What do illusions not agree with? | Errors in the perceptual process or by actual physical distortions. |
| What does so-called moon illusions do? | Moon looks larger than overhead |
| Why are illusions important to psychologists? | Provide a unique tool for studying the normal process of perception. |
| What are the three major factors that help us with some stimuli? | Selective attention Feature detectors Habituation |
| Why do people in urban environments see right side pictures longer? | Size and distance judgements from perspective cues Created by right angles and horizontal lines by right angles and horizontal vertical lines of buildings and streets. |
| What do concerning vertical lines tell you? | Cues that the top dark, horizon line father away than bottom much longer |
| Why do people see the horizontal lines as shorter? | Because of environmental experiences. |
| What are illusions not the same as? | Hallucinations or delusions false |
| Why are hallucinations false? | Imaginary sensory perceptions that occur without external objective stimuli such as hearing voices during a psychotic episode. |
| What kind of cells do humans have? | Specific cells for detecting general motion in our peripheral vision Features in temporal and occipital lobes to faces |
| What problems can produce in? | Condition called prosopagnosia (props on means “face” and agnosia means “failure” to know) |
| What can people with prosopagnosia recognize? | They are looking at a face. |
| What is the brain “premiered” to do? | Pay more attention to changes in the environment than to stimuli that remain constant. |
| What do infants learn with reception? | Stimulus is unchanging, responses weaken. |
| What does sensory adaptation refer to? | Sensory receptors innate tendency to fatigue and stop responding to unchanging stimuli. |
| When does sensory adaptation happen? | Us and when we respond automatically |
| What do we use to direct away from stimulus? | Actively use our brains |
| How do we organize visual sensory data? | Form, depth, constancy |
| Why can’t people with form perception artistic see drawings? | Pictures and drawings naturally two-dimensional. |
| Before two months of age, what did infants learn to do? | Piece together components of the human face and easily recognize familiar faces. |
| What do impossible figures help us understand? | Perceptual principles |
| What do gestalt principles emphasize? | Importance of organization and patterning in enabling us to perceive the whole stimulus. Rather than perceive its discrete parts as separate entities |
| What is the most fundamental gestalt principle of organization called? | Tendency to distinguish between the figure (our main focus of attention) The ground (the back ground or surroundings) |
| What are the gestalt principles based on? | Notion that we all share a natural tendency force patterns we see. |
| What does each principle apply to? | Other modes of perception as well. |
| What do reversible figures do? | Demonstrates altering figure. |
| How is depth perception learned? | Primarily through experience. |
| Where does death perception come through? | Several visual cues |
| What is the first mechanism we use? | Interaction of both our eyes binocular cues |
| What are the cues of retinal disparity and convergence inadequate of? | Measuring the distance of more than a football field. |
| What happens in near objects? | Lens bulge; Far objects it flattens |
| What does motion parallax (also known as relative motion) refer to? | Close objects appear to whiz by |
| What do farther objects do? | Seem to move more slowly or remain stationary |
| What do we develop perceptual constancies for? | To organize our sensations into meaningful patterns |
| What do we despite changes in? | Size Color Brightness Shape |
| What does size constancy allow us to do? | Interpret object as same size Color no brightness constancies |
| What remains the same? | Perception of color and brightness |
| What can vary? | The wave light reaching our retina |
| What is the additional perceptual constancy? | Tendency to perceive an objects shape as staying constsnt |
| What factors is interpretation used by? | Sensory adaptation, perceptual set, frame of reference |
| What is the final stage of perception? | Interpretation |
| What could people with extra sensory perception be able to do? | Read other people’s mind (telepathy) Perceive objects or events that are inaccessible to normal senses (clairvoyance) See and predict the future (precognition) |
| Why is the ability to levitate a table generally not considered a type of extra sensory perception? | Unlike the three other three alleged abilities does not senses |
| What do our motivations and interest do? | Influence our perceptions, driving us to selectively attend things we want to see or hear. |
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