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NEW FINAL
9-15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Continental shelf | gently sloping, submerged surface from the shoreline toward the deep ocean basin. |
| Deep ocean trench | long, relatively narrow troughs that are the deepest parts of the ocean. Located along the Pacific Ocean. |
| Ocean Salinity | total amount of solid material dissolved in water.Many are expressed as a percent. |
| Tornadoes are most often generated along the cold front of a mid-latitude cyclone | False |
| Sea water is ? | sodium chloride |
| Ocean temperatures at different lattitudes | Near the surface; the water warms sharply at a depth called thermocline. The depth of the thermocline decreases until it does not exist near the north or south poles. |
| Geological features and biological communities found along mid ocean ridges | Basaltic rock layers,buoyantly uplifted,rift valleys,faulted tilted blocks of crust, volcanic cones, ecosystem based on bacteria not sunlight. |
| Motion of water movement in deep water waves | ocean waves are waves of oscillation, at a right angle to the direction of movement. |
| Long shore currents | easily move the fine suspended sand and roll larger sand and gravel along the bottom. These occur along the oblique angle of the shoreline. |
| Tidal currents | also called flood currents that advance into the coastal zone as the tide rises. tidal deltas are created by tidal currents. |
| Ebb currents | as the tide falls, seaward moving water generates these currents. Slack water separate flood and ebb currents. |
| Spring tides | occur when the Sun, Earth and Moon are aligned. The gravity causes HIGHER High and Lower low tides Twice a month. |
| Neap tides | occur when the moon's gravity is at a right angle. HIGH TIDEs The daily tidal range also occurs during neap tides. |
| Submergent Coasts | drowned river mouths, estuaries, Chesapeak Bay |
| Emergent Coasts | rising land causing wave cut cliffs, wave cutt platforms. |
| Terrigenous | weathered from continental rocks |
| Biogenous Sediment | consists of shells and skeletons of marine animals and algae. |
| Hydrogenous Sediment | MAGNESE MODULES |
| Isobars are | these are lines that connect places of equal air pressure. |
| closely spaced isobars | indicate a steep pressure gradient and high winds. |
| Widely spaced isobars | indicate a weak pressure gradient and light winds. |
| Isobars are located? | stratosphere |
| Dust and other aerosols in the atmosphere have what effect on the atmosphere? | they shade the earth and cause cooling of the Earth. |
| Ozone | component of the atmosphere, three oxygen atoms into each molecule. (03). Located in the stratosphere. |
| The ozone absorbs what? | Ultraviolet Radiation |
| Green house effect? | storage of heat located in the lower layer of the atmosphere produced by certain heat absorbing gases. |
| The summer solstice | at noon on June 21st or 22nd, 23 1/2 degrees north of the equator. Tropic of Cancer |
| The winter solstice | at noon on Dec 21st and 22nd, Suns vertical rays striking 23 1/2 degrees south latitude. Tropic of Capricorn. |
| Autumnal Equinox | At noon on September 22 and 23 |
| Spring Equinox | At noon on March 21st and 22nd, suns rays are striking the equator. |
| What two days is the length, number of hours, approximately equal at all latitudes? | September 22-23, March 21st and 22nd |
| When is the day longest in the northern Hemisphere | June 21st |
| When is the day shortest? | December 21st and 22nd |
| Conduction | transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity. |
| Radiation | the heat transfer mechanism by which solar energy reaches our planet. |
| Convection | transfer of heat by mass movement or circulation within a substance. |
| Daily Mean Temperature | By adding the maximum and minimum temperatures and then dividing by two. |
| annual range of temperature | by finding the difference between the highest and lowest monthly means. |
| Cumulus Clouds | flat base and appearance of rising domes or towers. Described as CAULIFLOWER STRUCTURE. |
| Cumulonimbus- | towering cloud, produces rainshowers or thunderstorm. |
| Stratus | sheets or layers that cover much of the sky. |
| Cirrus | high,white,thin, Delicate veil-like sheets or extended wispy fibers. Feathery appearance. hooked filaments called mare tails. |
| ALTOCUMULUS | THey are larger and denser. Known as MIDDLE CLOUDS, APPEAR IN THE 2000-6000 meters. |
| AltoStratus | grayish sheet covering the sky with the Sun or MOON visible as a BRIGHT spot. Infrequent light snow or drizzle may be with these clouds. |
| Nimbostratus | "Rainy CLoud" "TO COVER WITH LAYER" chief precipitation producers.form in association with stable conditions. |
| What is happening beneath a NIMBOSTRATUS? | Air is forced to rise, occurs along mountain range, a front, or near the center of a cyclone where converging winds cause air to ascend.Leads to formation of stratisfied cloud layer thats large horizontally compared to its depth |
| As air is lifted it cools? | When air expands, it cools, when it is compressed it warms. |
| What is needed for condensation to take place? | The atmosphere must be fully saturated. The maximum vapor pressure must have been reached. It can only take place if an object is cooled below the ambient air's dew point. |
| What are the two most abundant gases in the atmosphere? | Nitrogen and Oxygen. |
| What is the range in water vapors percent in the atmosphere? | 1-4% |
| Evaporation | Heat is absorbed by the process of converting liquid to a gas. |
| CONDENSATION | occurs when water vapor changes to the liquid state. |
| SuBlimatION | the conversion of a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state. |
| Deposition | the conversion of vapor directly to a solid. this is the reverse process of Sublimation. |
| OrOgrapHic lifting occurs | when elevated terrains such as mountains act as barriers to the flow of air. As air ascends a mountain slope, adiabatic cooling often generates clouds and copious precipitation. It also occurs when air is forced over a topographic barrier. |
| RAINSHADOW DESERTS | OROGRAPHIC LIFTING- by the time the air reaches the leeward side of a mountain, much of its moisture has been lost. If the air descends, it warms adiabatically, making condensation and precipitation even less likely. Rainshadow-OROGRAPHIC LIFTING |
| NORTHERN HEMISPHERE MOvement lower pressure- | are deflected to the right or left of Earth's rotation. Inward and counterclockwise |
| NORTHERN HEMISPHERE Movement Higher pressure center/anticyclone | they blow outward and clockwise |
| Southern Hemisphere Low pressure center | left and clockwise |
| Southern Hemisphere high pressure center | counterclockwise. |
| Trade winds are located ? | on the surface |
| Westerlies are located ? | at midlatitudes |
| Westerlies are also found in which Country? | The United States. |
| Hurricanes and pop up thunderstorms are which type of air mass? | MT |
| Which air masses dominates our Midwestern/Central US WEATHER? | CT, MP, MT |
| The heights of clouds ahead of a warm front using their slope of 1/200 km | For every 200 kilometers in front of the warm front the cloud heights is 1 kilometer. 1 is 200 kilometers, 2 is 400 kilometers, etc. |
| What is the changes in air temperature, wind direction, and humidity as a cold front passes one location? | cold fronts are about twice as steep as warm fronts. A marked temperature drop and a wind shift from the south to west or northwest accompany the passage of the front. |
| What is the general trend of air pressure as a storm approaches compared to as the weather improves after it passes your location? | the pressure falls rapidly, only to rise once the storm has passed. |
| What type of storms are associated with a warm front? | light to moderate precipitation, rain or snow, less violent. |
| what type of storm is associated with a cold front? | GREAT PRECIPITATION and HEAVY DOWNPOURS and VIGOROUS WIND GUSTS |
| Pressure gradient and isobar spacing are directly proportional to wind speed, rank in order the pressure gradient and wind speed of low pressure/cyclones,hurricanes,and tornadoes. | The isobars of a hurricane are close but not even close to those found in a tornado. Tornadoes have the closest isobars so close they would look like a thick black line. Tornadoes, hurricanes, and cyclones. |
| HURRICANES and how they compare in size and rainfall to low pressure/cyclonic storms, tornadoes, and thunderstorms. | Hurricanes are large but often smaller in area than our low pressure/cyclone storms in our region. |
| THE MAJOR PARTS OF A COMET? | the coma, the tail, and the NUCLEUS |
| What well accepted hypothesis explains how solar systems such as ours formed? | THE BIG BANG |
| VOLCANOES CRATERS and IMPACT CRATERS share some common traits , what are they? | Landslides and other mass wasting movements along the walls of depression. |
| THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS ARE? | MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, and MARS |
| How do the terrestrial planets differ from the Jovian planets? | The jovian planets-no solid ground-compressed gases-terrestrial planets-solid ground.Jovian planets are gas giants and farther from the sun -terrestrial planets are closer to the sun-don't have much gas. |
| Description of LUNAR highlands? | Very old in age, made of plutonic rocks and contain more than 90 percent plagioclase and feldspar and rose like scum from magma. Elevated several kilometers above maria. |
| Description of Maria. | Composed of volcanic rocks with a mafic composition and similiar to flood basalts on Earth. The flat plains that resulted from immense outpourings of fluid basaltic lava. |
| Description of Craters. | can be very large. They can be very young or very old. |
| Lunar Regolith | is the soil like layer composed of igneous rocks about a few billion years old. The igneous rocks that are in this soil is breccia,glass beads,and fin lunar dust. It is about 3 meters thick. The soil is the youngest. |
| Similarities between the surface of MERCURY, MARS, and our MOON. | THEY ALL HAVE CRATERS. |
| MERCURY AND THE MOON share what common features? | MERCURY AND THE MOON do not have atmospheres, but MARS has a thin atmosphere. |
| Magnitude of a star is? | The measure of a star's brightness. |
| the absolute magnitude of a star is ? | its true brightness. |
| Apparant Magnitude | the description of how a star APPEARS. |
| Massive blue stars | radiate energy at such an enormous rate that they substantially deplete their hydrogen fuel in only a few million years. |
| THE SUN a main sequence star | remains a main sequence star for about 10 billion years. |
| The best clue to the temperature of a star and where it is in its life cycle is its? | COLOR! |
| The phase of a star that it spends most of its life is called its? | Main sequence |
| As an average star uses up its fusionable fuels it expands and cools forming a? | RED GIANT PHASE |
| DEATH comes to very massive stars resulting in supernovas and commonly a dense? | NEUTRON STAR OR BLACK HOLE |
| The universe is expanding and galaxies are retreating from us at greater velocities. | HUBBLE's LAW |
| What two methods are used to determine the distance from our solar system for near by stars and those that are very far away? | STELLAR PARALLAX IS USED FOR STARS THAT ARE NEAR US and DOPPLER EFFECT IS USED FOR STARS THAT ARE .... far away. |
| Thunderstorms come from the cold front of a midlatitude cyclone | true |
| Because of the Coriolis effect, surface ocean currents are deflected to the ________ of | Right |
| Longshore sand transport and longshore currents depend on waves impinging parallel to a shoreline. | True |
| Waves in the open ocean are called waves of oscillation. | TRUE |
| The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep ocean is termed the ________. | Continental shelf |
| A poleward-moving ocean current is considered a warm current. | true |
| Turbidites and siliceous oozes are both biogenous sediments. | FALSE |
| The zigzag movement of sand grains along a beach is ________. | both caused by obliquing breaking waves and called beach drift |
| The movement of sand parallel to the shore ________. | all of these |
| Manganese nodules do not accumulate below 4500 meters depth because the manganese minerals are highly soluble in seawater below that depth. | FALSE |
| The ________ marks the transition between the warm surface layer and the deep zone of cold water in the oceans. | thermocline |
| The crests of mid-oceanic ridges ________. | contain active rift zones |
| Manganese nodules are an example of ________. | hydrogenous sediment |
| Which of the following is NOT true of deep ocean trenches | they are geologically very stable. |
| Sediments derived primarily from the products of weathering on the continents are called ________. | terrigenous sediment |
| The thermocline exists near the equator but not at the poles | true |
| Cheseapeake Bay and Deleware Bay are examples of ? | large estuaries |
| The movement of water within the surf zone that parallels the shore is termed ________. | long shore current |
| Sand, silt, and clays deposited on the ocean floor are described as terrigenous sediments. | True |
| Erosional retreat of a ________ leads to enlargement and extension of a wave-cut platform in the inland direction. | wave-cutt cliff |
| Tidal flats are submerged during ebb tide. | FALSE |
| The largest daily tidal range occurs in association with spring tides. | TRUE |
| The annual range of temperature may be described as the difference between ________. | difference between the highest and lowest monthly means. |
| The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is nitrogen. | TRUE |
| The lowest layer of the atmosphere is ? | the troposphere |
| The storage of heat in the lower layer of the atmosphere produced by certain heat absorbing gases is called the ________. | greenhouse effect |
| By adding the daily maximum and minimum temperatures and then dividing by two, the daily range is calculated. | true |
| On this date the length of daylight gets progressively longer going south from the equator. | Dec 21st |
| The Northern Hemispher has its greatest length of daylight on ________. | june 21st |
| The triatomic form of oxygen (O3) is known as ________. | ozone |
| A very important control of the DAILY range of temperature is ________. | the amount of water vapor in the air |
| Ozone is concentrated in the ________. | stratosphere |
| What two days is the length, number of hours, approximately equal at all latitudes? | June 21st and March 21st or 22nd |
| This process involves the movement of a mass or substance. | convection |
| A molecule of ozone contains two atoms of oxygen and one atom of nitrogen. | False |
| The spring equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on ________. | March 21st |
| This term is used to describe clouds that produce precipitation. | nimbo |
| The cloud form that is best described as sheets or layers that cover much or all of the sky is termed ________. | stratus |
| This cloud type is confined to the middle height range | altostratus |
| This cloud sometimes produces "mare's tails." | cirrus |
| Deserts on the lee/downwind sides of mountains such as the Great Basin, Gobi, and Takla Makan are examples of ________. | rainshadow deserts |
| These clouds are often called "fair weather" clouds. | cumulus |
| The change of state from a gas to a liquid is called ________. | condensation |
| High clouds that form delicate veil-like patches or extended wispy fibers are termed ________. | cirrus |
| A dark gray cloud that blankets the sky and often generates precipitation is called ________. | nimbostratus |
| Clouds form because rising air cools as it comes in contact with colder air aloft. | false, this is because when air expands it cools |
| Hail is most commonly associated with ________. | cumulonimbus |
| The cloud form that consists of globular cloud masses that take on a billowy or "cauliflower-like" structure is called ________. | cumulus |
| Tornadoes can be associated with this cloud type. | cumulonimbus |
| If "fair" weather is approaching, the pressure tendency would probably be ________. | rising |
| Cyclones are usually associated with stormy weather. | true |
| the highest wind speeds are found in tornadoes and they are also the smallest in size | true |
| hurricanes have higher wind speeds than most low pressure mid-level cyclones | true |
| tornadoes have the steepest gradients, followed by hurricanes, and then your run of the mill low pressure systems cyclone, | true |
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dreamwalker
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