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What are the eight specialized cellular functions?
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Cells become specialized through what process?
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Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology Week 1-3

QuestionAnswer
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? MCMSERRC --> Movement, Conductivity, Metabolic Absorption, Secretion, Excretion, Respiration, Reproduction, Communication.
Cells become specialized through what process? Differentiation or Maturation
α-tubulin (a major building block protein) polymerizes with ß-tubulin into... ...microtubules, which are a component of the cell’s cytoskeleton.
Peroxisomes are small membrane-bound organelles that play a role in metabolism, such as... ...break down fatty acids, clear harmful hydrogen peroxide, and synthesize some lipids.
PMP34 is a transmembrane protein that resides throughout the membrane of a peroxisome and... ...functions as a mitochondrial solute carrier and ATP transporter.
Tight junctions (also known as occluding junctions)... ...are areas where cell membranes are sealed together by rows of protein complexes.
ATP is often referred to as... ...the “molecular currency” of energy in the cell.
Mitochondria in liver cells also clear toxic ammonia by... ...converting it to urea for excretion via the urea cycle.
Movement... ...Muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion. Muscles that are attached to bones produce limb movements, whereas those muscles that enclose hollow tubes or cavities move or empty contents when they contract (e.g., the colon).
Conductivity... ...Conduction as a response to a stimulus is manifested by a wave of excitation, an electrical potential that passes along the surface of the cell to reach its other parts. Conductivity is the chief function of nerve cells.
Metabolic absorption... ...All cells can take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings.
Secretion... ...Certain cells, such as mucous gland cells, can synthesize new substances from substances they absorb and then secrete the new substances to serve as needed elsewhere.
Excretion...All cells can rid themselves of waste products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nutrients... ...Membrane-bound sacs (lysosomes) within cells contain enzymes that break down, or digest, large molecules, turning them into waste products that are released from the cell.
Respiration... ...Cells absorb oxygen, which is used to transform nutrients into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration, or oxidation, occurs in organelles called mitochondria.
Reproduction...Tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and reproduce themselves... ...Even without growth, tissue maintenance requires that new cells be produced to replace cells that are lost normally through cellular death. Not all cells are capable of continuous division.
Communication... ...Communication is vital for cells to survive as a society of cells. Appropriate communication allows the maintenance of a dynamic steady state.
Eukaryotes (eu = good; karyon = nucleus; also spelled eucaryotes)... ...The cells of higher animals and plants, as are the single-celled organisms, fungi, protozoa, and most algae.
Prokaryotes include... ...cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), bacteria, and rickettsiae.
The nucleus... ...is the largest membrane-bound organelle.
The primary functions of the nucleus... ...are cell division and control of genetic information. Other functions include the replication and repair of DNA and the transcription of the information stored in DNA.
Most of the processing of RNA occurs in the... ...nucleolus.
...an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the cytoplasmic matrix—the space between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane... ...cytoplasm.
Principal Cytoplasmic Organelles: Ribosomes... ...RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) synthesized in nucleolus and secreted into cytoplasm. Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
Principal Cytoplasmic Organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum... ...Network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout outer nuclear membrane. Specializes in synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most organelles.
Principal Cytoplasmic Organelles: Golgi complex, vesicles are those that have coats largely made of the protein clathrin. Network of smooth membranes and vesicles located near nucleus. Responsible for processing and packaging proteins onto secretory vesicles that break away from the complex and migrate to various intracellular and extracellular destinations, including plasma membrane.
Principal Cytoplasmic Organelles: Lysosomes...Cellular injury leads to release of lysosomal enzymes that cause cellular self-destruction... ...Saclike structures that originate from Golgi complex and contain enzymes for digesting most cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates (sugars).
Principal Cytoplasmic Organelles: Peroxisomes... Similar to lysosomes but contain several oxidative enzymes (e.g., catalase, urate oxidase) that produce hydrogen peroxide; reactions detoxify various wastes.
Principal Cytoplasmic Organelles: Mitochondria...Contain metabolic machinery needed for cellular energy metabolism... ...Enzymes of respiratory chain (electron-transport chain), found in inner membrane of mitochondria, generate most of cell's ATP (oxidative phosphorylation). Have a role in osmotic regulation, pH control, calcium homeostasis, and cell signaling.
Principal Cytoplasmic Organelles: Cytoskeleton... ...“Bone and muscle” of cell. Composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments (microfilaments); forms cell extensions (microvilli, cilia, flagella).
Principal Cytoplasmic Organelles: Caveolae... ...Tiny indentations (caves) that can capture extracellular material and shuttle it inside the cell or across the cell.
Principal Cytoplasmic Organelles: Vaults... ...Cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins shaped like octagonal barrels. Thought to act as “trucks,” shuttling molecules from nucleus to elsewhere in cell.
Plasma Membrane Functions: Structure...Usually thicker than membranes of intracellular organelles. Containment of cellular organelles. Maintenance of relationship with cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, and other organelles. Maintenance of... ...fluid and electrolyte balance. Outer surfaces of plasma membranes in many cells are not smooth but are dimpled with cavelike indentations called caveolae; they are also studded with cilia or even smaller cylindrical projections called microvilli.
Plasma Membrane Functions: Structure...cilia and microvilli... ...both are capable of movement.
Plasma Membrane Functions: Protection... ...Barrier to toxic molecules and macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides). Barrier to foreign organisms and cells
Plasma Membrane Functions: Activation of cell... ...Hormones (regulation of cellular activity). Mitogens (cellular division). Antigens (antibody synthesis). Growth factors (proliferation and differentiation)
Plasma Membrane Functions: Storage... ...Storage site for many receptors. Transport. Diffusion and exchange diffusion. Endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis). Exocytosis (secretion). Active transport.
Plasma Membrane Functions: Cell-to-cell interaction... ...Communication and attachment at junctional complexes. Symbiotic nutritive relationships. Release of enzymes and antibodies to extracellular environment. Relationships with extracellular matrix.
Each lipid molecule is said to be polar, or amphipathic, which means... ...that one part is hydrophobic (uncharged, or “water hating”) and another part is hydrophilic (charged, or “water loving”).
The most abundant lipids are... ...Phospholipids. Phospholipids have a phosphate-containing hydrophilic head connected to a hydrophobic tail.
Membrane lipid rafts (MLRs) appear to be structurally and functionally distinct regions of the plasma membrane and consist of... ...cholesterol and sphingolipid-dependent microdomains that form a network of lipid-lipid, protein-protein, and protein-lipid interactions.
Created by: sonsmith
 

 



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