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Chapter 1 Pharm

Pharmacolgy

TermDefinition
Drug Biologic active substance/ Modifies cellular function
Placebo Contains no active ingredient/ can modify effects through suggestion
Chemical Name Refers to chemical structure/ Chlorophenyl
Generic name Nonproprietary name/ cetirizine
Trade or Brand name Proprietary name/ Zyrtec
Therapeutic effect Intended effect of drug
Tolerance Phenomenon necessitating increase of dosage
Tachyphylaxis Rapid development of tolerance
Allergy Adverse immune reaction/ Triggered by drug, food, or chemical
Adverse reaction or side effects Drug effects other than those intended/ May be harmful or nuisance
Idiosyncratic reaction Unpredictable susceptibility to drug's action
Teratogens Substances known to cause birth defects
Carcinogens Substances that cause malignant neoplasms
Drug dependance Continual use causes drug tolerance/ Withholding drug causes withdrawal symptoms/ altered physiologic state- psychological need
Drug development Takes many years/ Must be approved by FDA/ Very expensive process/ Involves multiple stages
In Vitro and Animal Studies Molecule or compound identified/ Studied to determine mechanism/ Tested in animals to: determine effectiveness, gather safety information, determine absorption/breakdown/elimination
Phase 1 studies Small human population-20 to 100 healthy volunteers/ Performed to determine safety and tolerability in humans/ study how drugs work/ learn how body responds to drug
Phase 2 studies Conducted in several hundred people with disease drug is intended to treat/ Purpose is to assess: whether drug effectively treats condition/ safety and toxicity. Majority of drugs fail testing
Phase 3 studies Conducted in a large number of humans (300-3000) with the disease. Confirms effectiveness and safety. Tests against placebo. Can take many years
Phase 4 studies Post-marketing surveillance after approval. Determines whether drug remains safe and effective over time. Performed to: detect rare or long-term adverse reactions/ Determine if drug can treat other conditions
Abuse of prescription drugs Most often abused drugs are controlled by prescription. Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act established drug schedules/ Practitioners must be registered with DEA to prescribe controlled substances
Abuse of prescription drugs Drugs categorized by schedule based on: drug abuse potential/ Pattern of abuse/ Risk to public health/ Drug's potential for dependence/ Whether drug is precursor of controlled substance
Sources of drug information AHFS Drug information: published annually, contains evidence-based drug information/ Facts and Comparisons: contains information on prescription and nonprescription medication, organized by drug class, provides comparisons of drugs in same class
Sources of drug information United states pharmacopeia(USP): published every 5 years, includes single-entity drugs, sets official- physical- and chemical standards. National Formulary: published every 5 years, established formulations not in USP
Sources of drug information Physicians` Desk reference (PDR): published annually, provides brief description of prescription drugs, indexed by manufacture- product name- generic name- product category- and product information, contains prescription package inserts.
Sources of drug information Micromedex: provides easy online access to drug information, clinical trials, latest news regarding drug developments, drug interactions, color reference for pill identification. Drug information Handbook: published annually, organized alphabetically
Sources of drug information continued: DIH/ includes approved and off-label uses, dosing, safety, and monitoring of each drug, online version included pill identification and pricing information
Created by: cassiemartin
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