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AICP Planning Theory
Planning History - Foundations for a Profession
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1901: New York State Tenement House Law | The legislative basis for the revision of city codes that outlawed tenements such as the "Dumbbell Tenement." Lawrence Veiller was the leading reformer. |
| 1902: U.S. Reclamation Act | Created fund from sale of public land in the arid states to supply water there through the construction of water storage and irrigation works. |
| 1903: _____ constructed. First English Garden City and a stimulus to New Town movement in America (Greenbelt Towns, Columbia, etc.). | Letchworth |
| 1903: _____ appoints a _____ to propose rules for orderly land development and management. | President Theodore Roosevelt; Public Lands Commission |
| Antiquities Act of 1906 | The first law to institute federal protection for preserving archaeological sites. It provided for designation as National Monuments areas already in the public domain that contained "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest. |
| 1907: Founding of _____. It fostered movement, led by its secretary, _____, to decentralize New York's dense population. | New York Committee on the Congestion of Population; Benjamin Marsh |
| 1907: _____ establishes an _____ to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development: navigation, power, irrigation, flood control, water supply. | President Roosevelt; Inland Waterway Commission |
| 1908: White House Conservation Conference. | State governors, federal officials, and leading scientists assemble to deliberate about the conservation of natural resources. |
| In _____, the first National Conference on _____ took place in _____. | 1909; City Planning; Washington, D.C. |
| 1909: Plan of Chicago | Created by Daniel Burnham, it was the first metropolitan plan in the U.S.. (Key figures: Frederick A. Delano, Charles Wacker, Charles Dyer Norton.) |
| 1909: Possibly the first course in _____ in this country is inaugurated in Harvard College's Landscape Architecture Department. Taught by _____. | city planning; James Sturgis Pray |
| 1909: Welch v. Swasey. | SCOTUS upholds municipal regulation of building heights. This validated the use of construction standards to uphold public safety. |
| 1911: _____ publishes_____, fountainhead of the efficiency movements in this country, including efficiency in city government. | Frederick Winslow Taylor; "The Principles of Scientific Management" |
| "Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago" | •Published in 1912 •Created by Walter D. Moody. •Adopted as an eighth-grade textbook on City Planning by the Chicago Board of Education. •Possibly the first formal instruction in city planning below the college level. |
| Published in _____ and written by _____, it was the first major American textbook on city planning | 1914; Written by Flavel Shurtleff; "Carrying Out the City Plan" |
| In _____, the _____ Canal was completed and opened to world commerce. | 1914; Panama |
| 1914: Harland Bartholomew | Becomes the first full-time employee in Newark, New Jersey, of a city planning commission, and eventually the country's best known planning consultant. |
| 1915: Hadacheck v. Sebastian | SCOTUS upheld a municipal regulation that governed the placement of land uses. |
| 1915: "Cities in Evolution" | Published by Patrick Geddes the "Father of Regional Planning" and mentor of Lewis Mumford. |
| 1916: "Planning of the Modern City" | Published by Nelson P. Lewis |
| 1916: Under the leadership of George McAneny and Edward Bassett, known as the "Father of Zoning _____ | Nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution adopted by New York City Board of Estimates. |
| National Park Service | Established in 1916 with the sole responsibility for conserving and preserving resources of special value. |
| 1917: Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. | becomes first president of newly founded American City Planning Institute (ACPI), forerunner of American Institute of Planners (AIP) and American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP). |
| U.S. Housing Corporation and Emergency Fleet Corporation | •Established in 1918. •Influenced later endeavors in public housing. •Operated at major shipping centers to provide housing for World War 1 workers. |
| 1919: The Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, the Metropolitan Water Board, and the Metropolitan Park Commission | Three early unifunctional regional authorities combined to form the Boston Metropolitan District Commission. |
| 1921: Vieux Carre Commission | •The first historic preservation commission in the U.S. •Designated in New Orleans |
| Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission | •Created in 1922. •The first of its kind in the U.S. •Hugh Pomeroy, head of staff |
| Regional Plan of New York | Inaugurated in 1922, under Thomas Adams. |
| Mariemont, Ohio | •Located in suburban Cincinnati. •Ground broken for construction in 1923. •Mary Emery was its founder and benefactor. •John Nolen was the planner. •Some of its features (short blocks, mixture of rental and owner-occupied housing) foreshadow the contemporary New Urbanism movement. |
| 1922: Pennsylvania Coal Company v. Mahon | The first decision to hold that a land use restriction constituted a taking. •The U.S. Supreme Court (Justice Brandeis dissenting) noted "property may be regulated to a certain extent, [but] if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking," thus acknowledging the principle of a "regulatory taking." |
| Standard State Zoning Enabling Act | Issued in 1924 by the U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover. |
| 1924-28: Sunnyside Gardens | •A planned neighborhood designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright •Built by City Housing Corporation under Alexander Bing in Queens, New York. |
| 1925: Publication of "Regional Plan" issue of Survey Graphic | Influential essays on regional planning by Lewis Mumford and other members of the Regional Planning Association of America (e.g., Catherine Bauer). |
| 1925: Cincinnati, Ohio | Becomes first major American city officially to endorse a comprehensive plan. (Alfred Bettman, Ladislas Segoe). |
| Concentric Zone Theory | •Created by Ernest Burgess •Published in 1925 •A model of urban structure and land use is published. |
| Vol. 1, No. 1 of City Planning | •Published in April 1925 by the American City Planning Institute (ACPI) and The National Conference on City Planning. •Ancestor of present-day Journal of the American Planning Association (JAPA). |
| 1926: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty. | Constitutionality of zoning upheld by SCOTUS. (Case argued by Alfred Bettman) |
| 1928: Standard City Planning Enabling Act | Issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover. |
| 1928: "Major Economic Factors in Metropolitan Growth and Arrangement" | •Created by Robert Murray Haig •Published in Volume I of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs. •Viewed land use as a function of accessibility. |
| 1928: Nectow v. City of Cambridge | SCOTUS struck down as unconstitutional a local zoning ordinance that was not reasonably tied to a valid public purpose under the police power. |
| Radburn, New Jersey | •Construction begun in 1928. •Planned community inspired by Howard's Garden City concept •Designed by Stein and Wright. •A forerunner of the New Deal's Greenbelt towns. |
| 1929: “Monograph on the Neighborhood Unit” | •Written by Clarence Perry. •Published in Volume VII of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs. |
| 1929: Wisconsin Law | First instance of rural zoning, authorized county boards "to regulate, restrict and determine the areas within which agriculture, forestry and recreation may be conducted." |
| Stock market crash in October 1929 | Ushers in Great Depression and fosters ideas of public planning on a national scale. |
| 1906: Plan for San Francisco | Created by Daniel Burnham, it was the first application of "City Beautiful" principles to a major American city. |
| In _____, the first comprehensive city survey took place in this city. | 1907; Pittsburgh |
| In _____, the first official, local, and permanent planning board is established in this city. | 1907; Hartford, Connecticut |
| In _____, the State of _____ was the first to pass a State Enabling Act. | 1909; Wisconsin |
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