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CH 16 Sigelman &Ridr
Life-Span Human Development, 9th edition: Dev Psychopathology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DSM-5 | The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association, which spells out defining features and symptoms for the range of psychological disorders. |
| major depressive disorder | An affective or mood disorder characterized by at least one episode of feeling profoundly sad and hopeless, losing interest in almost all activities, or both. |
| somatic symptoms | Physical or bodily signs of emotional distress such as loss of appetite or disruption of normal sleep patterns. |
| developmental psychopathology | A field of study concerned with the origins and course of maladaptive or psychopathological behavior. |
| social norm | A socially defined expectation about how people should behave in particular social contexts. |
| diathesis-stress model | The view that psychopathology results from the interaction of a person's predisposition to psychological problems and the experience of stressful events. |
| autism spectrum disorder (ASD) | A category of pervasive developmental disorders that includes what was previously called autism, Asperger syndrome, and related conditions and that involves (1) social and communication problems and (2) restricted interests and repetitive behavior. |
| Asperger syndrome | A form of autistic spectrum disorder in which the individual has normal or above-average intelligence, has good verbal skills, and wants to establish social relationships but has seriously deficient mindreading and social skills. No longer a separate diagnosis in DSM-5. |
| comorbid | Co-occurring, as when two or more psychiatric conditions affect the same individual. |
| applied behavior analysis (ABA) | The application of reinforcement principles to teach skills and change behavior, for example to shape social and language skills in children with autism. |
| externalizing problem | Childhood behavioral problem that involves “undercontrolled” behavior such as aggression or acting out difficulties that disturb other people. Contrast with internalizing problem. |
| internalizing problem | Childhood behavioral problem that represents an “overcontrolled” pattern of coping with difficulties and is expressed in anxiety, depression, and other forms of inner distress. Contrast with externalizing problem. |
| resilience | The ability to function well despite exposure to risk factors for maladaptive development or to overcome early developmental problems to become well adjusted. |
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | A disorder characterized by attentional difficulties, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both. |
| executive functions | The planning, organizational, and inhibitory functions carried out in the prefrontal cortex of the brain. |
| cognitive behavioral therapy | Well-established psychotherapy approach that involves identifying and changing distorted thinking and maladaptive emotions and behavior associated with it. |
| Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) | A therapy approach to treat young children with behavioral or psychological problems that centers on modifying the parent–child relationship and building more effective parenting skills. |
| anorexia nervosa | A life-threatening eating disorder characterized by failure to maintain a normal weight, a strong fear of weight gain, and a distorted body image; literally, “nervous lack of appetite.” |
| bulimia nervosa | A life-threatening eating disorder characterized by recurrent eating binges followed by purging activities such as vomiting. |
| binge eating disorder | Eating disorder that, like bulimia, involves binge eating but, unlike bulimia, does not involve purging. |
| thin ideal | The cultural message that associates being thin with being attractive and teaches young girls to fear being fat, wish to be thinner, and diet at young ages. |
| substance use disorders | Diagnostic term for continued use of alcohol or psychoactive drugs despite adverse consequences for health, performance, and/or interpersonal relations. |
| cascade model of substance use | Transactional, multifactor model of substance use that envisions a chain of influences starting with a child with a difficult temperament born into troubled family and ending with involvement in a deviant adolescent peer group. |
| peer selection versus peer socialization issue | Issue in the study of peer influence asking whether adolescents resemble their peers because they select similar others as friends or because their friends socialize them in certain directions. |
| ruminative coping | Way of managing stress that involves dwelling on problems and attempting to analyze them; may help explain higher rates of depression in females than in males. |
| dementia | A progressive loss of cognitive capacities such as memory and judgment that affects some aging individuals and that has a variety of causes; now called neurocognitive disorder. |
| Alzheimer’s disease | A pathological condition of the nervous system that results in an irreversible loss of cognitive capacities; the leading cause of dementia, or neurocognitive disorder, in later life. |
| beta-amyloid | A toxic protein that injures neurons and is located in the senile plaques outside neural cells that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. |
| tau | Protein in the neurofibrillary tangles in the bodies of neural cells of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. |
| cognitive reserve | The extra brain power or cognitive capacity that some people can fall back on as aging and diseases such as Alzheimer’s begin to take a toll on brain functioning. |
| vascular dementia | The deterioration of functioning and cognitive capacities caused by a series of minor strokes that cut off the blood supply to areas of the brain; also called multiinfarct dementia, it is one of the leading causes of neurocognitive disorder. |
| Lewy body dementia | Considered the second or third most common neurocognitive disorder after Alzheimer’s disease, a condition associated with protein deposits in neurons called Lewy bodies that cause changes in cognitive functioning, visual hallucinations, and often motor and balance problems. |
| reversible dementia | Significant cognitive decline that, unlike most dementia, can be cured or reversed; causes include alcoholism, toxic reactions to medication, infections, metabolic disorders, vitamin deficiencies, and malnutrition. |
| delirium | A clouding of consciousness characterized by alternating periods of disorientation and coherence. |
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