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CH 8 Sigelman &Rider
Life-Span Human Development, 9th edition: Memory & Info Proc
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| retrograde amnesia | Loss of memory for information and events occurring prior to the incident that caused the amnesia. Contrast with anterograde amnesia. |
| memory | The ability to store and later retrieve information about past events. |
| information-processing approach | An approach to cognition that emphasizes the fundamental mental processes involved in attention, perception, memory, and decision making. |
| sensory register | The first memory store in information processing in which stimuli are noticed and are briefly available for further processing. |
| short-term memory | The memory store in which limited amounts of information are temporarily held; called working memory when its active quality is being emphasized. |
| long-term memory | Memory store in which information that has been examined and interpreted is stored relatively permanently. |
| encoding | The first step in learning and remembering something, it is the process of getting information into the information-processing system, or learning it. |
| consolidation | In information processing, the processing and organizing of information into a form suitable for long-term storage. |
| storage | In information processing, the holding of information in the long-term memory store. |
| retrieval | The process of retrieving information from long-term memory when it is needed. |
| recognition memory | Identifying an object or event as one that has been experienced before, such as when a person must select the correct answer from several options. Contrast with cued recall memory and recall memory. |
| recall memory | Recollecting or actively retrieving objects, events, and experiences when examples or cues are not provided. Contrast with cued recall memory and recognition memory. |
| cued recall memory | Recollecting objects, events, or experiences in response to a hint or cue. Contrast with pure recall memory and recognition memory. |
| working memory | A memory store, often referred to as a mental “scratch pad,” that temporarily holds information when it is being actively operated upon or in one’s consciousness. |
| central executive | Mechanism that directs attention and controls the flow of information in the working memory system. |
| implicit memory | Memory that occurs unintentionally and without consciousness or awareness. Contrast with explicit memory. |
| explicit memory | Memory that involves consciously recollecting the past. Contrast with implicit memory. |
| semantic memory | A type of explicit memory consisting of general facts. |
| episodic memory | A type of explicit memory consisting of specific episodes that one has experienced. |
| anterograde amnesia | The inability to form new memories of recent experiences. Contrast with retrograde amnesia. |
| hippocampus | Structure in the medial temporal lobe of the brain centrally involved in the formation of memories. |
| problem solving | The use of the information-processing system to achieve a goal or arrive at a decision. |
| executive control processes | Processes that direct and monitor the selection, organization, manipulation, and interpretation of information in the information-processing system, including executive functions. |
| parallel processing | Carrying out multiple cognitive operations simultaneously rather than in a sequence. |
| deferred imitation | The ability to imitate a novel act after a delay. |
| perseveration error | Mistake made when an information processor continues to use the same strategy that was successful in the past over and over despite the strategy’s lack of success in the current situation. |
| rehearsal | A strategy for remembering that involves repeating the items the person is trying to retain. |
| organization | As a memory strategy, a technique that involves grouping or classifying stimuli into meaningful clusters. |
| elaboration | A strategy for remembering that involves adding something to or creating meaningful links between the bits of information the person is trying to retain. |
| mediation deficiency | The initial stage of mastery of memory strategies in which children cannot spontaneously use or benefit from strategies even if they are taught to use them. |
| production deficiency | A phase in the mastery of memory strategies in which children can use strategies they are taught but cannot produce them on their own. |
| utilization deficiency | The third phase in mastery of memory strategies in which children fail to benefit from a memory strategy they are able to produce. |
| metamemory | A person’s knowledge about memory and about monitoring and regulating memory processes. |
| metacognition | Knowledge of the human mind and of the range of cognitive processes, including thinking about personal thought processes. |
| knowledge base | A person’s existing information about a content area, significant for its influence on how well that individual can learn and remember. |
| autobiographical memories | Memory of everyday events that the individual has experienced. |
| childhood amnesia | A lack of memory for the early years of a person’s life. |
| fuzzy-trace theory | The view that verbatim and general or gistlike accounts of an event are stored separately in memory. |
| script | A mental representation of a typical sequence of actions related to an event that is created in memory and that then guides future behaviors in similar settings. |
| general event representation (GER) | Representations that people create over time of the typical sequence of actions related to an event; also called “scripts.” |
| eyewitness memory | Remembering and reporting events the person has witnessed or experienced. |
| rule assessment approach | Siegler’s approach to studying the development of problem solving that determines what information about a problem children take in and what rules they then formulate to account for this information. |
| overlapping waves theory | Siegler’s view that the development of problem-solving skills is not a matter of moving from one problem-solving approach to a better one with age but of knowing and using a variety of strategies at each age, becoming increasingly selective with experience about which strategies to use in particular situations, and adding new strategies to one’s collection. |
| reminiscence bump | A memory of life events of 70-year old adults, higher from ages of 15-25, that may occur because memories from adolescence and early adulthood are more easily accessible than memories from other periods of the lifespan. |
| life script | The story a person constructs about his or her life story and tells over and over again, this repetition strengthens the memory. |
| mild cognitive impairment | A level of memory loss between normal loss with age and pathological loss from disease. |
| constraint-seeking questions | In the Twenty Questions task and similar hypothesis-testing tasks, questions that rule out more than one answer to narrow the field of possible choices rather than asking about only one hypothesis at a time. |
| selective optimization with compensation (SOC) | The concept that older people cope with aging through a strategy that involves focusing on the skills most needed, practicing those skills, and developing ways to avoid the need for declining skills. |
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