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CH 6 Sigelman &Rider
Life-Span Human Development, 9th edition: Sens, Perc, & Action
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| sensation | The process by which information is detected by the sensory receptors and transmitted to the brain; the starting point in perception. |
| perception | The interpretation of sensory input. |
| constructivist | A proponent of constructivism, the position taken by Piaget and others that humans actively create their own understandings of the world from their experiences, as opposed to being born with innate ideas or being programmed by the environment. |
| nativist | An individual whose approach to human development emphasizes the contribution of genetic factors; specifically, a person who believes that infants enter the world equipped with knowledge that allows them to perceive a meaningful world from the start. |
| affordances | In Eleanor and James Gibson’s ecological theory of perception, characteristics of an object that reveal what it has to offer humans and how it might be used by them. |
| visual acuity | The ability to perceive detail in a visual stimulus. |
| visual accommodation | The ability of the lens of the eye to change shape to bring objects at different distances into focus. |
| habituation | A simple form of learning that involves learning not to respond to a repeated stimulus; learning to be bored by the familiar. |
| form perception | In visual perception, recognition of the patterns that constitute an object. |
| contour | The amount of light-dark transition or boundary area in a visual stimulus. |
| size constancy | The tendency to perceive an object as the same size despite changes in its distance from the eyes. |
| visual cliff | An elevated glass platform that creates an illusion of depth and is used to test the depth perception of infants. |
| intuitive theories | Organized systems of knowledge, believed to be innate, that allow children to make sense of the world in areas such as physics and psychology. |
| phoneme | One of the basic units of sound used in a particular spoken language. |
| evoked potentials | Electrical activity in the brain, as measured through electrodes attached to the surface of the skull, in response to various stimuli; used to study infant perception. |
| cochlear implant | A surgically implanted amplification device that stimulates the auditory nerve to provide the sensation of hearing to a deaf individual. |
| olfaction | The sense of smell, made possible by sensory receptors in the nasal passage that react to chemical molecules in the air. |
| somaesthetic senses | Body senses, including the senses of touch, temperature, and pain, as well as the kinesthetic sense of where one’s body parts are in relation to other body parts and to the environment. |
| sensitive period | As compared to a critical period, a period of life during which the developing individual is especially susceptible to the effects of experience or has an especially high level of plasticity. |
| cataract | A pathologic condition of the eye involving opacification (clouding) of the lens that can impair vision or cause blindness. |
| sleeper effect | The delayed effect of an earlier experience, for example, the effect of early deprivation of visual stimulation. |
| locomotion | The process of moving from one location to another. |
| gross motor skills | Skills that involve large muscles and whole body or limb movements (for example, kicking the legs or drawing large circles). Contrast with fine motor skills. |
| fine motor skills | Skills that involve precise movements of the hands and fingers or feet and toes. Contrast with gross motor skills. |
| rhythmic stereotypies | Repetitive movements observed in infants shortly before a new motor skill emerges. |
| dynamic systems theory | A perspective on development which, when applied to motor development, proposes that more sophisticated patterns of motor behavior emerge over time through a “self-organizing” process in which children modify their motor behavior in adaptive ways on the basis of the sensory feedback they receive when they try different movements. |
| ulnar grasp | Holding objects by clamping them between the palm of hand and the fingers. |
| pincer grasp | A grasp in which the thumb is used in opposition to the fingers, enabling an infant to become more dexterous at lifting and manipulating objects. |
| cross-modal perception | The ability to use one sensory modality to identify a stimulus or a pattern of stimuli already familiar through another modality. |
| attention | Focusing perception and cognition on something in particular. |
| orienting system | An attentional system that reacts to events in the environment; contrast with a focusing system that deliberately seeks out and maintains attention to events. |
| focusing system | Attentional system that deliberately seeks out and maintains attention to events. Contrast with orienting system, which is captured by stimuli. |
| selective attention | Deliberately concentrating on one thing and ignoring something else. |
| multitasking | Attending to and performing two or more tasks at the same time. |
| tinnitus | Condition caused by exposure to high noise levels that involves ringing sounds in one or both ears and that can last for days, weeks, or indefinitely. |
| sensory threshold | The point at which low levels of stimulation can be detected. |
| presbyopia | Problems of the aging eye, especially loss of near vision related to a decreased ability of the lens to accommodate to objects close to the eye. |
| retinitis pigmentosa (RP) | A group of hereditary disorders that involve gradual deterioration of the light-sensitive cells of the retina. |
| glaucoma | A condition in which increased fluid pressure in the eye damages the optic nerve and causes progressive loss of peripheral vision and ultimately blindness. |
| age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | Damage to cells in the retina responsible for central vision. |
| presbycusis | Problems of the aging ear, which commonly involve loss of sensitivity to high-frequency or high-pitched sounds. |
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