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Exercise Physiology
Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is steady state? | a balance between the demands placed on a body and the physiological response to those demands. |
| What is homeostasis? | the maintenance of a constant internal environment. |
| What are coupled reactions? | when the liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction. |
| What are endergonic reactions? | require energy to be added |
| What are exergonic reactions? | release energy |
| How do enzymes function? | Enzymes are catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions. They regulate the rate of most metabolic pathways. With an enzyme, less energy is required to start a reaction and the reaction is faster. |
| What types of fats are best used for energy? | Triglycerides are the best types of fats used for energy. It is small sugars with three long fatty acid chains attached. |
| What is ATP? | Adenosine Triphosphate. It consists of adenine, ribose, and three linked phosphates. |
| What coenzymes are important hydrogen carriers? | Nicotinomide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are both important carriers. |
| What is the order of energy systems (energy sources) beginning with the onset of exercise? | The first to break down are fats. These are followed by carbs, which are burned during intense exercise, and proteins are only used during times of need (like starvation or running a marathon). |
| What is oxygen deficit? | This refers to the lag in oxygen uptake during the beginning of exercise |
| What are the energy sources (energy systems) for running events lasting 8 seconds, 1 minute, and 20 seconds? | ATP-PC system->anaerobic glycolysis->all three |
| What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) and what does it tell us? | The RQ is the VCO2 divided by the VO2 and this gives us the respiratory exchange ratio. |
| From where does most carbohydrate come during exercise? | We get most of our carbs from the food that we eat. |
| How and how fast is lactic acid removed from the body after intense exercise? | Lactic acid is removed from the body using the Cori cycle. |
| Why do specific hormones only affect certain tissues? | They are only needed by specific tissues and therefore they are more affective because they don't go to all of the tissues |
| Which hormones increase during exercise and which hormones decrease? | All hormones increase with the exception of insulin. Insulin decreases because it is where the glucose is stored |
| What is the difference between work and power? | W=force X distance, P=work/time |
| What is MET? | MET is an expression of the rate of energy expenditure at rest |
| How is energy expenditure determined? Which is best for exercise? | Energy Expenditure is determined through direct and indirect calometry |
| What are the 2 main anatomical parts of the nervous system? | The two main parts are the central (brain/spine) and peripheral (neurons) nervous system. |
| What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons? | Afferent neurons transmit messages from neurons to the central nervous system. and efferent transmit messages away from the central nervous system. |
| What is kinesthesia? | The sensation of joint movement or acceleration. Movement in general. |
| What are proprioceptors? | the ability to determine the position of the joint (current position) |
| what is the funtion of the cerebellum? | to monitor complex movements |
| What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic of the autonomic nervous system? | sympathetic (exercise) and parasympathetic (body at rest) system |
| What are the differences between inhibitory and excitatory neural transmitters? | Excitatory neural transmitters depolarize whereas inhibitory neural transmitters polarize. |
| What is a sarcolemma? | A sarcolemma is the muscle cell membrane. |
| What is a sarcoplasmic reticulum? | storage site for calcium |
| What are the three types of connective tissue around skeletal muscle? | epimysium, perimysium and endomysium |
| What is a motor unit? | a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers innervated by that single motor neuron. |
| What are the three types of muscle fibers and their characteristics? | Type I (slow), Type IIa (fast-twitch, but has some slow twitch with it), Type IIx/b (fast-twitch) |
| How can the force of a muscle contraction be increased? | By contracting steadily at a medium pace, you can get the most force out of a contraction. |
| In what vessels does gas exchange occur? | Gas exchange occurs in the alveolar sacs |
| How do times of diastole and systole change during exercise? | They both get shorter, but the diastole gets shorter in proportion with more intense workouts. |
| How do sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems affect the cardiovascular system? | The parasympathetic system slows down the heart rate by inhibiting the SA node. The sympathetic system increases the heart rate. |
| Which variables determine resistance to blood flow and which is most important? | The variables that affect resistance include length of vessel, viscosity of blood, and radius of the vessel. |
| What are the ECG waves and what do they represent? | ECG waves record the electrical activity of the heart. The P wave measures the atrial depolarization, the QRS wave measures the ventrical depolarization and the T wave represents the ventrical repolarization |
| What is ventilation? | The amount of air moved in or out of the lungs per minute |
| What is the ventilation-perfusion ration? and what is the best value? | This matches the blood flow to the ventilation and the ideal value for this is 1.0 |
| Where in the brain is the respiratory control center located? | Located in the medulla and in the pons |
| How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the blood? | oxygen is carried in the blood by myoglobin which carries it from the cell membrane. Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood by being dissolved in plasma, bound to Hb or as a bicarbonate |
| How does pH and temperature affect the oxyhemoglobin association curve? | The association curve decreases with an increased blood pH and it increases with an increase in blood temperature |
| How does the respiratory system regulate pH during exercise? | There will be an increase of breathing and therefore, more CO2 will be released. |
| What is an acid? | Acid is a molecule that can liberate H+ ions. |
| What are the three buffer systems in the blood? | intracellular, extracellular, and bicarbonate |
| How do the kidneys regulate pH during exercise? | The kidneys regulate the blood bicarbonate concentration, but this is better used in the long run and not for intense exercise (doesn't act immediately) |
| Why is body temperature important? | Because it makes sure our body functions properly - the enzymes denature if our body gets too hot. |
| Does the body regulate temperature during exercise by decreasing heat gain or increasing heat loss? | In order to maintain a constant core temperature, heat loss must match heat gain. However, during intense exercise there is higher net heat loss. |
| What part of the brain controls body temperature? | The hypothalamus controls body temperature |
| What is conduction? | Conduction is heat loss due to contact with another surface. |
| What is convection? | Convection is a form of conductive heat loss - heat is transferred to air or water. |
| What is radiation? | Radiation is the transfer of heat via infrared rays. |
| What is evaporation | Evaporation is heat transferred via water (sweat) on skin surface. |
| What variables affect heat loss by evaporation in high environmental temperatures during exercise? | Heat loss becomes difficult. Higher core temperature and sweat rate. Evaporation rate depends on temperature and humidity, convective currents around the body, amount of skin surface exposed. |
| How does changes in core temperature affect blood flow to the skin? | Increased core temperature increases blood flow to the skin because the skin surface will have a cooler temperature than in the core of the body |
| What adaptations are made during heat acclimatization? | Increased plasma volume, earlier onset of sweating, higher sweat rate, reduced sodium chloride loss in sweat, and reduced skin blood flow |
| What adaptations are made during cold acclimatization? | Improved inability to sleep in the cold, increased non-shivering thermogenesis, higher intermittent blood flow to hands and feet, and results in ability to maintain core temperatures |
| What are the benefits of burning fatty acids during exercise? | increased mitochondrial number and capillary density, increased enzymes of B-oxidation, and increased FFA oxidation (which spares muscle glycogen and blood glucose). |
| How does training affect lactate dehydrogenase? | The more training, the faster the lactate gets out of the system |
| What is the major cause of strength gains in the first 10 weeks of training? | strength gain is mostly neutral factor (learning to recruit more motor units and override IPSPs). |
| Why is lactate removal greater following an endurance training program? | The body has more slow twitch muscles and can learn to go for a longer amount of time with steady removal of lactate during exercise. |
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Cincycats1
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