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CH 9 Griggs
Psychology: A Concise Introduction (6th Ed) Social Psych
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| social psychology | The scientific study of how we influence one another’s behavior and thinking. |
| conformity | A change in behavior, belief, or both to conform to a group norm as a result of real or imagined group pressure. |
| informational social influence | Influence stemming from the need for information in situations in which the correct action or judgment is uncertain. |
| normative social influence | Influence stemming from our desire to gain the approval and to avoid the disapproval of others. |
| compliance | Acting in accordance with a direct request from another person or group. |
| foot-in-the-door technique | Compliance to a large request is gained by preceding it with a very small request. |
| door-in-the-face technique | Compliance is gained by starting with a large, unreasonable request that is turned down and following it with a more reasonable, smaller request. |
| low-ball technique | Compliance to a costly request is gained by first getting compliance to an attractive, less costly request but then reneging on it. |
| that’s-not-all technique | Compliance to a planned second request with additional benefits is gained by presenting this request before a response can be made to a first request. |
| obedience | Following the commands of a person in authority. |
| experimenter bias | A process in which the person performing the research influences the results in order to portray a certain outcome. |
| social facilitation | Facilitation of a dominant response on a task due to social arousal, leading to improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks and worse performance on complex or unlearned tasks when other people are present. |
| social loafing | The tendency to exert less effort when working in a group toward a common goal than when individually working toward the goal. |
| diffusion of responsibility | The lessening of individual responsibility for a task when responsibility for the task is spread across the members of a group. |
| bystander effect | The probability of a person’s helping in an emergency is greater when there are no other bystanders than when there are other bystanders. |
| deindividuation | The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity. |
| group polarization | The strengthening of a group’s prevailing opinion about a topic following group discussion about the topic. |
| groupthink | A mode of group thinking that impairs decision making, because the desire for group harmony overrides a realistic appraisal of the possible decision alternatives. |
| attribution | The process by which we explain our own behavior and that of others. |
| fundamental attribution error | The tendency as an observer to overestimate dispositional influences and underestimate situational influences on others’ behavior. |
| just-world hypothesis | The assumption that the world is just and that people get what they deserve. |
| primacy effect | In impression formation, information gathered early is weighted more heavily than information gathered later in forming an impression of another person. |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | Our behavior leads a person to act in accordance with our expectations for that person. |
| actor-observer bias | The tendency to overestimate situational influences on our own behavior, but to overestimate dispositional influences on the behavior of others. |
| self-serving bias | The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favorably. |
| false consensus effect | The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and unsuccessful behaviors. |
| false uniqueness effect | The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and successful behaviors. |
| attitudes | Evaluative reactions (positive or negative) toward objects, events, and other people. |
| cognitive dissonance theory | A theory, developed by Leon Festinger, that assumes people have a tendency to change their attitudes to reduce the cognitive discomfort created by inconsistencies between their attitudes and their behavior. |
| self-perception theory | A theory, developed by Daryl Bem, that assumes that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by examining our behavior and the context in which it occurs. |
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